词性--介词
时间：2018-12-13 作者：英语课 分类：初中语法汇总
介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind
1、介词的主要用法：
介词是一种虚词,不能独立使用。介词之后一般有名词或代词(宾格)或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句作它的宾语,即构成介词短语。有些介词是由两个以上的词构成的短语介词,如：out of(从…中出来), because of(因为), away from(距离…), on top of(在…顶上), ever 1 since 2(自从…), next to(在…隔壁), according 3 to(根据…), in front of(在…前方)等。
2、介词的分类表： (见下表)
地点(位置、范围)介词：above在…前, about在…附近, across 4在…对面, after在…后面, against 5倚着..., along 6在…近旁, among在…中间, around在…周围, round在….周围, at在…处, before在...前, behind在...后, below 7低于..., beside在...旁边, between在...之间, by在...旁, down在...下面, from来自..., in在...里面, inside 8在...里面, near靠近..., of在...之中, on在...上面, out of在...之外, outside在....外面, over在....上方, under在...下方, up在...上面, on top of在...顶部, in front of在...前, close to靠近..., in the middle of在...的中间, at the end of在...的末端,等等。
方向(目标趋向)介词：across横越..., against对抗..., along沿着..., around绕着..., round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后面, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/通过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里面, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/超过..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards 10朝着..., on to到...上面, onto 11到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
时间介词：about大约..., after在…以后, at在… (时刻), before在…以前, by到…为止, during在…期间, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(期间), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning 12 of在...开始时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...当中 ,at the time of在...时
方式介词：as 9作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(语言), like与…一样, on骑(车)/徒(步),通过(收音机/电视机), over通过(收音机), through通过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…
涉及介词: about关于..., except 13除了…, besides 14除了…还... for对于/就…而言, in在…(方面), of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards针对..., with就…而言
其它介词:
【目的介词】 for为了..., from防止…, to为了…
【原因介词】 for因为..., with由于…, because of因为...
【比较介词】 as与…一样,like象…一样,than比...,to与…相比, unlike与…不同
【伴随/状态介词】 against和…一起(比赛),at在(上班/休息/上学/家,etc.),in穿着…(衣服/颜色),into变成...,on在(值日), with与…一起,有/带着/长着..., without没有/无/不与…一起
3、介词短语的句法作用：
介词短语相当于一个形容词或副词,可用作状语、定语和表语。如：The man came 15 <down the stairs>.(状)(那个人走下楼来)/The woman <with a flower on her head> is from the countryside 16.(定)(头上戴花的妇女来自乡下)/The teacher is now with the pupils.(表)(老师现在和学生在一起)
4、介词短语在句子中的位置：
介词短语做状语时,如果表示时间/地点,可以放在句首或句尾,如果表示方向/方式/伴随/涉及/原因/目的/比较,一般放在句尾； 介词短语作表语时放在连系动词之后；介词短语作定语时,只能放在被修饰的名词之后。如：He wanted to find a good job in Shanghai the next year.(状语)(他想来年在上海找份好工作)/ They searched 17 the room for the thief 18.(他们在房间里搜索小偷) / The letters are for you.(表语)(信是给你的)/ Have you seen 19 a cat with a black head and four white legs?(定语)(你看见一只黑头白腿的猫了吗？)
5、重要注释：
⑴ this / that / these / those / last / next / a / every / each等词构成的时间短语,前面不用任何介词。如：Every year travellers 20 from abroad 21 come to visit Pingyao.(每年都有国外的游客来游览平窑镇)/ He had 22 a bad cold that week.(那个星期他患重感冒)
⑵ for有时用来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语,常翻译成“对于…而言”。如：It’s too hard for me to finish the work in only one hour.(让我在区区一个小时内完成这项工作太难了)/ The house is big enough for 10 men to live in.(房子够大的可以容10个人住)
⑶ of有时用来表示后面的人物正好是前面的表语的逻辑主语。如：It’s very nice/kind of you to do so.(你这么做真是太好了)
⑷ 介词有时会与它的宾语分离,而且宾语前置。
① 当宾语是疑问词时。Who are you talking about?(你们在谈论谁？)
② 宾语在从句中当连接词时。He has a younger 23 brother who he must take good care 24 of.(他有 一个需要他照顾的小弟。) / Do you know who our teacher is talking with over there?(你知道我们的老师在那边和什么人谈话吗？)
③动词不定式作定语且该动词为不及物动词,后面有介词。I finally 26 found 27 a chair to sit on.(我 最终找到了一张椅子坐。)
(5) 记住一些固定词组：arrive at/in(到达…),on foot(步行),not…at all(根本不),to the north of(在…以北),in the east of(在…的东部),in the night(在夜间),at night(在晚上),be afraid of(害怕…),be full of(充满/ 装满….),be filled 28 with(充满/ 装满….),be good/bad for(对…有益/有害),be made 29 of(由…做成),be made from(由…制造),play with(玩耍……),look out of(朝…外面看),at the end of(在…末梢/结束时),by the end of(不迟于…/到…末为止),with the help of或with one’s help(在…的帮助下),look after(照料…),look for(寻找…),on a bike(=by bike)骑车, help sb. with(帮某人做…),get on (well) with(与某人相处[融洽]),等等。
6、某些介词的用法辨析：
⑴ 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别：表示时间时, in表示在一段时间里(在将来时句子中则表示在一段时间之后), on表示在具体的某一天或者某天的上下午等, at表示在某个时刻或者瞬间； 表示地点时, in表示在某个范围之内, on表示在某个平面上或与一个面相接触,at则表示在某个具体的场所或地点。如：He was 30 born 31 on the morning of May 10th.(他出生于五月十日的早晨)/ I usually get up at 7：00 in the morning.(我通常在早上的七点钟起床) / His glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼镜就架在他的鼻子上)/ He is at the cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在电影院)
⑵ after与in表示时间的用法区别：“after+(具体时刻/从句)”表示“在…时刻之后”常用于一般时态；“in+(一段时间)”表示“在(多久)之后”,常用于将来时态。如：He said 32 that he would 33 be here after 6：00.(他说他六点钟之后会来这儿)/ My father is coming back from England in about a month.(我父亲大约一个月以后从英国回来)
⑶ since与for表示时间的用法区别：“since+(具体时刻/that-从句)”表示“自从…起一直到现在”,“for +(一段斶间)”表示“总共有…之久”,都常用于完成时态；如：Uncle Li has worked in this factory since 1970.(李叔叔自从1970年起就在这家工厂工作了)/ Uncle Li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在这家工厂已经工作了30多年)
⑷ by、in与with表示方式的用法区别：都可以表示“工具、手段”,但是by主要表示“乘坐”某个交通工具或“以……方式”,在被动句中可以表示动作的执行者；in表示“使用”某种语言/文字,with表示“使用”某个具体的工具、手段。如：We see with our eyes and walk with our feet.(我们用眼睛看东西,用双脚走路)/ Please write that article(文章) in English.(请你用英语写那篇文章)/ Let’s go to the zoo by taxi.(我们打的去动物园吧。)/ It was written by Lao She.(那是老舍写的)
⑸ about与on的用法区别：都可以表示“有关…”,但是about的意义比较广,而on主要表示“有关…(专题/课程)”。如：Tom is going 34 to give a talk on the history of America.(汤姆要作一个美国历史的报告)/ They are very excited 35 talking about the coming field 36 trip.(他们兴致勃勃地谈论着即将来到的野外旅游)
⑹ through与across、over的用法区别： through指“穿过…(门洞/人群/树林)”； across和over可以指“跨越…(街道/河流)”,可互换,但是表示“翻过…”时只能用over. 如：Just then a rat 37 (鼠)ran across the road.(就在那时一只老鼠跑过路面)/ There is a bridge 38 across/over the river.(河上有座桥)/ They climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead 39 of time.(他们翻过大山提前到达了那里)/ The visitors 40 went through a big gate into another park.(参观者们穿过一个大门来到另一个公园)
(7)as与like的区别：两个词都表示“像……”,但是as译为“作为……”,表示的是职业、职务、作用等事实,而like译为“像……一样”,表示外表,不是事实。如：Let me speak to you as a father.(我以父亲的身份和你讲话。)(说话者是听者的父亲) / Let me speak to you like a father.(让我像一位父亲一样和你讲话)(说话者不是听者的父亲)
(8)at the end of、by the end of、to the end、in the end的用法区别：at the end of…既可以表示时间也可以表示地点,译为“在…末；在…尽头”,常与过去时连用；by the end of…只能表示时间,译为“在…前；到…为止”,常用于过去完成时； in the end与at last基本等义,表示“终于、最后”,通常用于过去时；to the end译为“到…的终点为止”,前面往往有表示运动或连续性的动词。如：By the end of last term we had learned 41 16 units 42 of Book III.(到上学期期末我们已经学习了第三册16个单元)/ At the end of the road you can find a big white house with brown windows.(在路的尽头你能找到一幢有棕色窗户的白房子)/ They left for Beijing at the end of last week.(上周末他们动身去了北京)/ In the end he succeeded 43 in the final 25 exams 44.(他最终在期末考试中考及格了)/ We should go on with the work to the end.(我们应该把工作干到底)/ Follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿这条路走到底就能看见一家邮电局)
(9)for a moment、for the moment、in a moment、at the moment的区别：for a moment“一会儿、片刻”(=for a while),常与持续性动词连用；for the moment“暂时、目前”,常用于现在时；in a moment“一会儿、立即、马上”(=soon; in a few 45 minutes),一般用于将来时；at the moment“此刻,眼下”(=now),用于现在进行时。如：Please wait for a moment.(请稍等)/ Let’s leave things as they are for the moment.(暂时就维持现状吧！) / I’ll come back in a moment.(我过会儿回来)/ I am very busy at the moment.(眼下我很忙)
(10)but的问题：用介词but引出另一个动词时,要注意：如果前面有do,后面就用原形动词,前面没有do时,后面的动词要加to。如：I could 46 do nothing but wait.(我什么也做不了只能等) / They had no choice(选择) but to fight 47.(他们没有选择只有战斗)
(11)in front of 与in the front of： in front of“在…的前面”, 与in the front of“在…的前部”。如：A car was parking 48 in front of the hall.(大厅跟前停着一辆汽车)/ In the front of the hall stood 49 a big desk.(大厅前部立着一个大讲台)
(12)except与besides的区别：except“除了”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含；而besides“除了”则表示包含,即“不仅……又……”。如：Everyone went to the Palace 50 Museum except Tom.(除了Tom,大家都去了故宫博物院)(Tom没有去故宫)/ Besides Chinese he also studied many other subjects.(除了汉语之外,他还学其他许多功课)(“汉语”也是他学的功课之一)
- Have you ever been to hangzhou?你曾经去过杭州吗？
- I will be young and strong and beautiful for ever.我将永远年轻、强壮，永远漂亮。
- He's been working in a bank since leaving school.自从毕业后，他就一直在一家银行工作。
- I have known him ever since I was a child.我自孩提时代起就已经认识他了。
- According to the Bible we are all the seed of Adam.根据《圣经》所说的，我们都是亚当的后裔。
- We must cut our coat according to our cloth this year.今年我们必须学会量入为出。
- He walked across the road carefully.他小心地过马路。
- You can go across the bridge.你可以越过这座桥。
- Would you like to come along?你想一起去吗？
- They walked slowly along the road.他们沿着公路慢慢走。
- I looked down at the hall below.我瞧了瞧下面的大厅。
- The temperature is below zero.温度在零度以下。
- Two minutes later we were inside the taxi.两分钟以后我们已经坐在出租车里面了。
- He will be back inside two days.他将在两天内回来。
- He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
- In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里，这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。
- The house will be ready towards the end of the year.这房子在年底以前可以造好。
- He is friendly towards me.他对我友好。
- The cat jumped onto the chair.猫跳到椅子上。
- He threw himself onto the sofa.他猛然坐到沙发上。
- This is only the beginning.这仅仅是开始。
- Children should form good habits from the very beginning.孩子们从一开始就应养成良好的习惯。
- Everybody is here except tom.除了汤姆大家都到了。
- He never came except when he was in trouble. 除非有了困难，他从来不到这里来。
- He had other people to take care of besides me.除了我以外，他还需要照料其他人。
- Besides English, he has to study German and French.除英语外，他还要学德语和法语。
- I was surprised why he came here so early.他为什么那么早到这里，我很惊奇。
- The doctor came in time to save his life.医生及时来抢救他的生命。
- He's just come from the countryside.他刚从乡下来。
- He's going to work in the countryside.他将要到农村去工作。
- Police frogmen searched the lake for the murder weapon. 警方的蛙人搜索这个湖，寻找谋杀凶器。
- We searched until we knew it would be pointless to continue. 我们搜索又搜索，直到觉得继续下去也枉然时才罢手。
- He saw the thief running away.他看见贼逃走了。
- The thief broke the window and got into the house.那个窃贼打破窗子，进入屋内。
- Since I left college, I have not seen him.自从我离开大学以后，就没有见过他了。
- I hope to have seen the film next week.我希望下星期能看到这部电影。
- The unusually heavy rainfall was an ill omen for the travellers. 异乎寻常的大雨是旅行者的不祥之兆。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The travellers looked weather-beaten, there was little spit and polish. 旅客们满面风尘，仪容不整。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- I just got back from abroad.我刚从国外回来。
- He goes abroad every year.他每年都到国外去。
- I just had a good idea!我有个好主意！
- The boy had a small branch of a tree in his hand.这个男孩手上拿一条小树枝。
- My younger brother hides behind the door. 我弟弟躲在门后。
- She is older than me but my other sisters are younger. 她比我大，其余都是我妹妹。
- I really care about the students in my class.我的确喜欢这个班上的学生。
- Her work is to take care of the children.她的工作是照料好孩子。
- Is this your final decision?这是你们最终决定吗？
- The father had the final say.父亲有最后的决定权。
- I found him at home.我发现他在家。
- The United Nations was found in 1945.联合国于1945年成立。
- He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated. 他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。
- two wine glasses, filled to the brim 两只斟满的酒杯
- They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
- The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。
- The baby can cry as soon as he is born.婴儿生下来就会哭。
- I feel as if I had been born again.我有一种再生之感。
- He said to me that he could not come.他对我说他不能来。
- He said to his mother that he would do it by himself.他对他的母亲说他将自己独立做那件事。
- Why would you say that?为什么你会这么说？
- Would you please help me?你能帮帮我吗？
- We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
- He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
- He was so excited that he could not speak.他太兴奋，连话都说不出来了。
- The excited children forgot to take the presents to the party.孩子们兴奋得忘了把礼物带到聚会上了。
- Go into the field and clear those boys off.到田里去把那些男孩赶走。
- He is going across the field.他正穿越田野。
- The rat is hated by many people.老鼠被很多人憎恶。
- He stopped up the rat holes.他塞住了那些老鼠洞。
- There are two bookshops near the bridge.大桥附近有两家书店。
- I am strange at bridge.我对桥牌是外行。
- We have to go ahead to find a garage.我们得到前边找个修车厂。
- Youth looks ahead and age backward.青年人向前看，老年人向后看。
- a constant stream of visitors all day 整天络绎不绝的游客
- The composer was one of many illustrious visitors to the town. 那位作曲家是许多造访过这个城市的杰出人物之一。
- He went into a rage when he learned about it.他听到这事后勃然大怒。
- In this little village,he passed for a learned man.在这个小村子里，他被视为有学问的人。
- cheap self-assembly kitchen units 廉价的自己组装的厨房设备
- There's no justification for dividing the company into smaller units. 没有理由把公司划分成小单位。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Demonstrators succeeded in disrupting the meeting. 示威者成功地扰乱了会议。
- He succeeded in propelling the ball across the line. 他成功地把球带过线。
- I made a real balls-up of my exams. 我考试考得一塌糊涂。
- Jake's passed his exams. We're going out to celebrate. 杰克已通过考试，我们要外出庆祝一下。
- There are few woods in that area.那个地区几乎没有森林。
- I have a few questions.我有些问题要问你。
- Could I open the window?我可以打开窗子吗？
- I could wait ten minutes.我可以等十分钟。
- A bus is parking on the road.路上停着一辆公共汽车。
- Next you must learn how to back a car into a parking space.下一步你应该学会如何把车倒入停车的空地。