时间:2018-12-13 作者:英语课 分类:初中语法汇总


英语课

名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.



1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:

1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。

如:Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic 2 of China(中华人民共和国) 

专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)

姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.

普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;

▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news 3, oil 4, population 5, information 6 .

2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:

①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables.

②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

[注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.

③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.  

3、名词所有格:

1、  名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下:

(1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如:Childern’s Day(儿童节), my sister’s book(我姐姐的书)

(2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如:Teachers’ Day(教师节)

(3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如:

today’s newspaper(今天的报纸), ten minutes’ break(十分钟的课间休息),

China’s population(中国的人口).

(4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如:

a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).

2、[注解]:

① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt’s(我阿姨家), the doctor’s(诊所)

② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily’s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father’s(我父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:

1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式:如:The computer was 7 a great invention 8.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police 9, school等)做句子主语时,

①如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

②如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三

班有张中国地图)

3、Chinese, Japanese 10, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如:There is a sheep in the yard 11.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting. (这个消息令人兴奋)

5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如:

The trousers  are  very  cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如:A lot of students  are playing  baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球)  A lot of time was wasted 12 on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking 13 apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips  is  very famous 14 food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如:Both you and I  are required 15 to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing 16 at the side 17 of the road. (一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子(当时)就站在路边)

11、either 18…or…或者 neither 19…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:Either you or he is right.(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor  I  am  going 20  there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers 21 is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet 22 is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted 23.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

    但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What’s the population of China?(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

5、部分名词用法辨析:

1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic 24 Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won 25 the league 26 match(联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

  2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television 27 Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do during 28 the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

3、journey 29tour 30、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made 31 up his mind 32 to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took 33 several 34 trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did 35 you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels 36?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / Travelling 37 through thick forests 38 is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

   4、sound、noise、voice 39的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake 40 in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden 41 there was the sound of shots 42 and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as 1 a result 43 of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

   5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool 44. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer 45 fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)


练习题,测试题请到 exam 46.tingroom.com



1 as
conj.按照;如同
  • He got work in a hotel as a waiter.他在一家旅馆找到了当服务生的工作。
  • In the hotel,the old men were drinking away as usual.在旅馆里,这些老人和往常一样喝个不停。
2 republic
n.共和国,共和政体,团体,界
  • The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。
  • The PRC stands for the People's Republic of China.PRE代表中华人民共和国。
3 news
n.新闻,消息
  • No news is good news.没有消息就是好消息。
  • I like reading hot news.我喜欢读热点新闻。
4 oil
n.油,油画颜料;v.涂油,溶化,加油
  • China is rich in oil resources.中国的石油资源丰富。
  • It might need some oil.它大概需要一些油。
5 population
n.人口,人数
  • What is the population of london?伦敦的人口是多少?
  • China has a huge population.中国有众多的人口。
6 information
n.起诉;信息,消息;知识;报告,通知,情报
  • I hope the information I gave you was helpful.我希望我给你的消息对你有所帮助。
  • We must get further information.我们必须获得更多的消息。
7 was
v.(is,am的过去式)是,在
  • He said he was right.他说他是正确的。
  • He was cold and hungry.他又冷又饿。
8 invention
n.发明;制造
  • It's a most useful invention.这是一项极其有用的发明。
  • Paper is also an invention by the Chinese.纸也是中国人发明的。
9 police
n.警察,警察当局,治安,公安;vt.维持治安,警备,管辖
  • They sent him over to the police.他们将他遣送警察局。
  • It took the police only several days to break the case.警察只用了几天就破案了。
10 Japanese
n.日本人;日语;日文;adj.日本的;日本语的
  • This is of Japanese make.这是日本制造的。
  • He began to learn Japanese three years ago.3年前他开始学日语。
11 yard
n.庭院,院子
  • There is an apple in the yard.院子里有一个苹果。
  • The children are playing in the yard.孩子们正在院子里玩耍。
12 wasted
adj.(常指因病而)憔悴的,疲惫不堪;徒劳的;无用的
  • The project wasted a considerable amount of time and money. 那项工程耗费了相当多的时间和资金。
  • We had a wasted trip—they weren't in. 我们白跑了一趟,他们不在。
13 picking
v.采摘;采( pick的现在分词 );摘;啄;叼n.采摘;掘,撬开;采得物,赃物
  • He sat there ruminating and picking at the tablecloth. 他坐在那儿沉思,轻轻地抚弄着桌布。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • The artist is picking in shadows in the picture. 这位画家正在画面上画阴影。 来自《简明英汉词典》
14 famous
adj.著名的,驰名的,闻名遐迩的;极好的;擅长的
  • The hotel is famous for its suppers.那个酒店以晚餐而著称。
  • He is famous for his learning.他以有学问而出名。
15 required
adj.必须的,(学科)必修的v.要求( require的过去式和过去分词 );需要;想要;命令
  • Fluency in French is required for this job. 这个工作要求法语熟练自如。
  • A senior certificate with matric exemption is required for entry to university. 上大学需要有中学毕业的资格证书。
16 standing
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
  • After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
  • They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
17 side
n.边,旁边;面,侧面
  • The shop is on the west side of the street.商店在街道的西边。
  • There was a lot of people on every side. 到处都是人。
18 either
adj.任一,两方的;prep.任一,随便任一个;conj.或,也
  • I have bought two books,you can have either.我买了两本书,你要哪一本都可以。
  • I don't think either of them are at home.我想他们中任何一个都不在家。
19 neither
adj.皆不,两不;int.两者都不;conj.既非,既不
  • I don't know that neither.那个我也不知道。
  • He doesn't smoke neither does he drink.他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
20 going
n.去,离去,地面(或道路)的状况,工作情况;(复数形式)goings: 行为;adj.进行中的,流行的,现存的
  • We're going to listen to a report this afternoon. 今天下午我们要去听报告。
  • He hates leaving the office and going on holiday.他不愿离开办公室去度假。
21 kilometers
n.千米,公里( kilometer的名词复数 )
  • The deposits spread for 100 kilometers across four counties. 这些矿藏绵延一百公里,跨越四个县。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • They only managed to get over ten kilometers. 他们只走完十公里路。 来自《简明英汉词典》
22 internet
n.因特网;互联网络
  • You can find it on the Internet.你可以在因特网上找到它。
  • I surf the Internet two hours a day.我每天上网冲浪两个小时。
23 polluted
adj.被污染的
  • Polluted air hangs over the city.城市上空被污染的空气所笼罩。
  • The air was polluted by factory smoke.空气被工厂冒的烟污染了。
24 Olympic
adj.奥林匹克的;n.奥林匹克运动会
  • The 1984 Olympic Games was held in Los Angeles.1984年奥林匹克运动会在洛杉矶举行。
  • In the Olympic Games the winner will get a gold medal.在奥运会上优胜者得到一枚金牌。
25 won
vt.赢得(为win的过去式)
  • We won the game in the end.我们最终赢得了比赛。
  • We won the football game.我们赢得了足球赛的胜利。
26 league
n.同盟,联盟,社团,联合会
  • I'll never forget the day when I joined the Youth League.我永远不会忘记我入团的那一天。
  • Half of the students in our class are League members.我们班有一半学生是团员。
27 television
n.电视(机) [=TV]
  • Do you often watch television?你经常看电视吗?
  • Please turn off the television.请把电视关上。
28 during
prep.在…期间,在…时候
  • What did you do with yourself during the summer holidays?暑假你是怎样度过的?
  • London is full of visitors during May and June.五六月间伦敦挤满了游客。
29 journey
n.旅行,旅程;路程
  • She will give up this journey.她将放弃这次旅行。
  • The journey home was great fun.回家的旅程非常有趣。
30 tour
n.旅行;旅游;参观;游览
  • He has gone on a walking tour. 他徒步旅行去了。
  • A tour guide took us around the city. 一个导游带我们环游了这个城市。
31 made
v.make的过去式和过去分词
  • They were not made in china.它们不是中国制造的。
  • The monkey made a long arm for the peach.猴子伸臂去摘桃子。
32 mind
n.思想,主意,心意;v.介意,照顾,留心
  • I've changed my mind.我一经转变主意。
  • You really don't mind?你真的不介意?
33 took
vt.带,载(take的过去式)
  • I took my dog for a walk along the river.我带着狗沿那条河散步。
  • It took me about two hours to cook the meat.我花了大约两个小时来煮这些肉。
34 several
adj.几个,若干,数个;各个的,各自的
  • Words often have several meanings.单词往往有若干个意思。
  • Several new members have come into the club since last year.自去年以来,又有些新成员加入了俱乐部。
35 did
v.动词do的过去式
  • How many goals did you score in the last game?上一场比赛你们进了几个球?
  • Why did you choose basketball in the first place?你为何首先选择篮球呢?
36 travels
n.旅途, (非正式)旅行笔记,游记;旅行( travel的名词复数 );移动;游历;[机械工程]机械运动(尤指往复运动)v.行进( travel的第三人称单数 );步行;经过;走过…
  • Stories about his travels abound. 有关他游历的故事多得很。
  • She travels in cyberspace by sending messages to friends around the world. 她利用电子空间给世界各地的朋友们发送信件。 来自《简明英汉词典》
37 travelling
adj.旅行的v.行进( travel的现在分词 );步行;经过;走过…
  • her adventures travelling in Africa 她在非洲旅行时的冒险经历
  • She was alarmed at the prospect of travelling alone. 她一想到独自旅行的情景就害怕。
38 forests
n.森林( forest的名词复数 );丛林;(森林似的)一丛;一片
  • forests planted with beech 山毛榉林
  • The two Frenchmen went through strange adventures in the African forests. 两位法国人在非洲森林里经历了种种奇遇。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
39 voice
n.说话声;声音
  • Her voice was music to my ears.她的声音听起来就像音乐。
  • That song doesn't suit her voice.那首歌不适合她的嗓子。
40 awake
adj.醒的;v.唤醒,唤起,醒来
  • The baby awake is looking here and there.醒着的婴儿东张西望。
  • Please awake me at six.请6点钟唤醒我。
41 sudden
n.突然,忽然;adj.突然的,意外的,快速的
  • All of a sudden he turned about and saw me.他突然转过身来看见了我。
  • The horse was badly frightened by the sudden noise.那匹马被突然而来的嘈杂声吓坏了。
42 shots
射手( shot的名词复数 ); 开枪; 发射; 注射
  • The man fired several shots from his pistol. 那个男人用手枪开了几枪。
  • When the shots rang out, everyone hit the deck. 就在枪声传来的时候,大伙都躺倒在地。
43 result
n.结果,成绩,答案;v.产生,起于,致使
  • As a result,he had to leave.结果他只得离开。
  • He was disappointed at the result.他对这样的结果感到失望。
44 pool
n.水塘(池),游泳池,撞球;vi.形成池塘;vt.集中,积累
  • The swimming pool was opened to the public on July 1.游泳池于七月一日对外开放。
  • At the end of half an hour the pool was nearly dry.这样过了半小时,坑里的水差不多舀光了。
45 prefer
v.宁愿(选择);更喜欢
  • I prefer red to blue.我喜欢红色而不喜欢蓝色。
  • I prefer tea rather than coffee.我喜欢茶甚于喜欢咖啡。
46 exam
n.(=examination)检查;考试
  • I hope to pass this exam.我希望通过这次考试。
  • His exam results were good.他的测验成绩不错。
标签:
学英语单词
a professional athlete
aaprotect
activity factor of B (in a liquid or a solid mixture)
al-rasheed
alignment time
anti-perfectionists
aporrectodea trapezoides
assembly robot
band-edge tailing
Barrault, Jean-Louis
be ambitious to do sth
beiderman
biophysics of membrane transport
blowout switch
boning room
caponier
Cetiprin
clinical genetics
cold waste
commercial fertilizer
content ratio analyzer
corticoliberin
crushable structure
customer centricity
DB
desktop videoconferencing
druggister
durable good
encander
essien
Ettrickhall
exner comprehensive system
extra heavy duty
genus omphalotuss
geometric mean inequality
group efficiency
hand brake housing
herposiphonieae
high efficiency TWT
highest probable frequency (hpf)
hold sb in high esteem
holeier
homogentisic acids
hot-tubs
instruction mode
iron-clad
Japanophobic
kizdere
kona cyclone
kragen
L, l
lactomucin
latitudinal cleavage
LC-ME
localcalls
lycocernuine
Maastrichtians
malignant auricular arrhythmia
methylphenylamine
micrometer-microscope
nimbiol
Office Francais de Recherche Sous-Marine
ophthalmoreaction
overconsolidated soil
peg-bar
pingees
pogonia macrocarpum broth
Pyeonghae
Qosqo
quadrant-edge orifice plate
radiosonde station
recommend substitutes
Rhizoma Panacis Japonici
rotating particle
roundhand
Saccharum Granorum
Saint James
schlenker
shoddy shaker
sidewheeler
silicon meter
skeezas
small calorie (cal)
softening plant
SP-54
square can
steering wheel angle
sukhoi
sulphur parakeet
the green-eyed monster
the have-nots
thixomolding
to yearn after...
tobacco looper
ultramacho
ultrasonic laparoscope
under authorities
volume color
wind someone round one's fingers
workfree
working-time
ya mean