TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(2)

These bacteria are not passive riders, these are incredibly important, they keep us alive. 这些细菌不是顺从的乘客，他们难以置信得重要，他们让我们活着。 They cover us in an invisible body armor that keeps environmental in

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(3)

What was actually interesting to us was not that the bacteria made light, but when the bacteria made light. 事实上，我们感兴趣的部分并不是细菌会不会发光，而是细菌何时发光。 What we noticed is when the bacteria were alo

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(4)

The reason that Vibrio fischeri is doing that comes from the biology. 费氏弧菌的发光现象来自生物学上的原因。 So again, another plug for the animals in the ocean, Vibrio fischeri lives in this squid. 接下来，我们再来看一个海

TED演讲：内向性格的力量(3)

Now this is what many introverts do, and it's our loss for sure, but it is also our colleagues' loss and our communities' loss. 这就是很多内向的人正在做的事情，这当然是我们的损失，但这同样也是同事们的损失，我们所

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(7)

So we know that in primate hierarchies, if an alpha needs to take over, 灵长动物的社群阶级里，如果一个强势雄性想要夺权， if an individual needs to take over an alpha role sort of suddenly, 如果一个雄性突然想要争取首

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(6)

Why this is interesting is because in the past decade we have found that this is not just some anomaly of this ridiculous, 这个发现之所以有趣，是因为在过去十年间，我们发现这种现象不只局限在这种古怪的、 glow-in-t

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(7)

We also then went to look at what are these molecules -- these were the red triangles on my slides before. 我们同时也研究了这些小分子，这些就是我刚才幻灯上的小红三角形。 And so this is the Vibrio fischeri molecule. This

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(8)

So we went back to molecular biology and started studying different bacteria, 所以我们回到分子生物学的方法，开始研究不同的细菌， and what we've found now is that in fact, bacteria are multilingual. 我们现在已经发现，事

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(9)

Amd of course, you've just heard and you already know that we're running out of antibiotics. 当然，你一定听说过，而且你早就知道了，我们快要没有有效的抗生素了。 Bacteria are incredibly multi-drug-resistant right now, a

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(10)

To finish I'll just show you the strategy. 最后，我只跟你们说一下战略。 And this one I'm just using the interspecies molecule, but the logic is exactly the same. 在这里，我们只是使用跨菌种分子，但是思维逻辑是一模一

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(11)

And what I would hope that I could further argue to you is that this is the invention of multicellularity. 我希望能进一步地说服你们的是，这就是多细胞生物的起源。 Bacteria have been on the Earth for billions of years; humans

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(12)

And the final thing is, again just to reiterate that there's this practical part, 最后，只是再一次重申，这个研究的实际应用方面， and so we've made these anti-quorum sensing molecules that are being developed as new kinds of the

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(1)

So I want to start by offering you a free no-tech life hack, 首先我想要提供给你们一个免费的非科技的人生窍门， and all it requires of you is this: that you change your posture for two minutes. 你只需这样做：改变你的姿

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(2)

So a handshake, or the lack of a handshake, can have us talking for weeks and weeks and weeks. 所以一个握手，或不握手，我们都可以聊上好几个礼拜。 Even the BBC and The New York Times. 即使BBC和纽约时报也不例外。 So

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(3)

So when we think of nonverbals, we think of how we judge others, how they judge us and what the outcomes are. 当我们提起肢体语言，我们就想到我们如何论断别人，别人如何论断我们以及后果会是什么。 We tend to forge

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(4)

What do we do when we feel powerless? We do exactly the opposite. 那我们感到无助的时候呢？我们的行为正相反。 We close up. We wrap ourselves up. We make ourselves small. 我们封闭起来。我们把自己蜷起来。让自己变得

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(5)

So business schools have been struggling with this gender grade gap. 所以商学院一直以来都为男女生在参与上的差别伤脑筋。 You get these equally qualified women and men coming in and then you get these differences in grades, 入学

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(6)

So the second question really was, you know, so we know that our minds change our bodies, 第二个问题就是，我们知道心理状态会影响我们的身体， but is it also true that our bodies change our minds? 那身体是否能影响心理呢

TED演讲：细菌是怎样交流的(5)

But then if you think about it, the squid has this terrible problem 但是如果你再深入地想一下，这乌贼会有一个可怕的问题， because it's got this dying, thick culture of bacteria and it can't sustain that. 因为在它的体内，

TED演讲：肢体语言塑造你自己(8)

So this is what happens. They come in, they spit into a vial, for two minutes, we say, You need to do this or this. 这就是实际的情况。他们走了进来，他们把唾液吐到一个小瓶子里，维持一个姿势达两分钟，我们说：你