北外翻译笔记 第7课 翻译技巧－减词

 　　减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。

　　一、 从语法角度进行减省
　　英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。例如：
　　（1） I know my friends from the feel of their faces.
　　我靠触摸脸庞来辨认朋友。
　　（2） Ice is a solid. If we heat it, it melts and becomes water.
　　冰是固体，如果加热，就融化成水。
　　（3） John got up very early in the morning. He put on his jacket, sat down at his desk and began to do his homework.
　　约翰早晨起床很早，他穿上夹克，就坐在桌旁开始做家庭作业。
　　（4） But at the present moment the whole road looked rather pretty, for the sun had just set in splendor 1, and the equalities of rent were drowned in a saffron afterglow.
　　但此时整条路看起来都挺美，金灿灿的太阳刚落下山，橙红色的余辉掩盖了房屋的种种差异。
　　（5） He had a shelf there, where he kept his Bohemian papers and his pipes and tobacco, and his shears 2 and needles and thread and tailor's thimble.
　　他放在那儿有一个架子，摆着他的波希米亚报纸、烟斗、烟叶，还有大剪刀、针、线，以及裁缝用的顶针。
　　（6） Most of the people who appear most often and most gloriously in the history books are great conquerors 3 and generals and soldiers…
　　史书上最经常出现、最为显赫的人物，大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军事家。
　　（7） The city has a dense 4 manufacturing population.
　　这个城市有稠密的工业人口。
　　（8）The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.
　　产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。
　　（9） The mother and the eldest 5 daughter weeded the ridges 6, passing before the others…A younger son, of twelve years, brought sea sand in a donkey's creels from a far corner of the field. They mixed the sand with the black clay. The fourth child, still almost an infant, staggered about near his mother, plucking weeds slowly and offering them to his mother as gifts.
　　母亲和大女儿在除垄上的草，把旁人甩在后面……二儿子十二岁，从老远的地头把海滩上的沙子装进鱼篮，赶着毛驴驮了回来。他们把黑土掺上了沙子。老四还是个小不点儿，在母亲身边遥遥晃晃转悠着，慢吞吞地拔起杂草，当礼物送给母亲。
　　（10） Come if you like.高兴来就来。
　　（11） As it is late, let us go to bed.不早啦，睡吧！
　　（12） I framed the words in my mind: "Pardon me, but have I done something to offend you?"
　　我心里在嘀咕："对不起，我有什么举止行为冒犯你了吗？"
　　（13）. You hear it from the trackers, a more breathless chant, as they pull desperately 7 against the current, half a dozen of them perhaps if they are, taking up a wupan, a couple of hundred if they are hauling a splendid junk, its square sail set, over a rapid.
　　纤夫拼命拉纤逆流而上时，你就会听见他们唱着较急促的号子。拉五板木船时，或许五六人就行，但当拉着鼓着横帆的大船过急滩时，那就得要二三百人。
　　（14）. If you are a twinkler, you have the ability to walk into a room and bring the sunshine with you, making everyone else want to bask 8 in it.
　　满怀喜悦的人能把阳光带进他所走进的房间，使别人愿意沐浴在这阳光中.
　　二、从修饰角度进行减省
　　有些词语在英语里是必不可少的，但在汉语中却并非如此，如直译成汉语则往往显得累赘噜嗦。为了使译文简洁晓畅、"文约而意丰"，这样的词语必须省去或是精简。例如：
　　（1） I felt a trifle shy at the thought of presenting myself to a total stranger with the announcement that I was going to sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky, till another boat came in to take me to the port for which I was bound.
　　我要去见一个素不相识的陌生人，向他宣布我得住在他家、吃他的、喝他的，一直等到下一班船到来，把我带到我要去的港口为止──想到这儿，我真有点不好意思了。（这里，如把 "sleep under his roof, eat his food and drink his whisky"直译为"睡在他的屋顶下、吃他的食物、喝他的威士忌"，会使语言极为繁冗，不够精练。译文采用减省译法处理原文，既准确地传达了原意，又使行文简洁，气韵十足，一气呵成。）
　　（2） Her dark eyes made little reflected stars. She was looking at him as she was always looking at him when he awakened 9.
　　她那双乌黑的眼睛就像亮晶晶的星星在闪烁，他平素醒来的时候，她也是这样望着他。（此句中有两个 "she was looking at him"，如不作省略而译为"她像平常那样望着她一样望着他"，汉语就显得噜嗦繁复，诘屈聱牙。）
　　（3） University applicants 10 who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
　　报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。
　　（4）There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.
　　天未下雪，但叶落草枯。
　　（5） There was not a sound in her——and around us nothing moved, nothing lived, not a canoe on the water, not a bird in the air, not a cloud in the sky.
　　船上悄然无声，四周一片静谧，死一般沉寂，水面不见轻舟飘动，天空不见小鸟浮云。
　　（6） The problem of alternative fuels of vehicle is one problem we shall approach.
　　车辆的代用燃料是我们将要研究的一个问题。
　　（7） There are some things that I have happily seen of the wondrous 11 way of the spider.
　　蜘蛛的奇异动态，我曾有幸目睹。
　　（译文省去 "there are some things that"后，文字简约，表达生动，意思明确。）
　　（8） In actual fact, the United States is pursuing a policy of encouraging the aggressor…
　　实际上，美国在推行一种鼓励侵略者的政策……
　　（9） He was smooth and agreeable.
　　他待人处事，八面玲珑。
　　（10） Standing 12 as it does on a high hill, the church commands a new view.
　　教堂建在高山上，向下眺望，风景优美。
　　（11） To learn is not an easy matter and to apply what one has learned is even harder.
　　学习不容易，使用更加不容易。