时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   二、选词用字


  要选好词用准字,首先要准确地确定原文词语所表达的意义,然后在译文中再选择恰当的词语。英汉两种语言中都存在一词多类、一词多义的现象,因此在确定英语词义时不仅要根据词类(如是动词还是名词,是形容词词组还是副词词组)来确定词义,而且还要依据词语所处的上下文来选择词义。例如在下面各句中,air分属不同的词类:
  (1) The rain had cleaned the air.雨后空气新鲜。(名词)
  (2) Don't air your troubles too often.别老是诉苦。(动词)
  要选好词用好字,还要注意英语词语所表达的意思是广义还是狭义、是抽象还是具体、是一般还是个别、是褒义还是贬义,翻译时采用适当的方法来处理。如:
  (1) He preferred the products of old brand to the new flashy.他宁可要老牌产品,而不要质量差的新产品。(抽象-具体)
  (2) There is a mixture of the tiger and ape in the character of the imperialists.
  帝国主义者的性格有残暴的一面,也有狡猾的一面。(具体-抽象)
  (3) She said, "He is a lightly discriminating 1 man." 她说,"他是个很爱挑剔的买主。"(一般-个别)
  (4) I used to be a politician. But since I came back from Peking, I have been a statesman. 我过去一直是吃政治饭的,但是,自从我从北京回来以后,我已成了一名政治家。(贬义;褒义)
  最后,选好词用好字还要注意词语的语体色彩和搭配组合。词语的语体色彩主要体现在词语的正式程度上,如end一词,在普通日常英语或文学文体中,当用作名词时,它的常用义是"末端"、"结束"等,而在商业英语中,它又可以指"业务(部)",在科技英语中还有更多的专业意义,如soluble end指"溶解范围",variable short end指"可变短路器",而END则可能是endorsement的缩略式,是商业上(支票)的"背书".再如普通文体和文学文体也有很大的不同,因此翻译起来也应该有所不同。例如:
  winds风(普通文体);风云(文学文体)
  red flower红花(普通文体);红艳艳的花儿(文学文体)
  green willow绿柳(普通文体);柳色青青(文学文体)
  注意词语搭配一般需注意这三种情形:一是由于两种语言词语的搭配能力不同,一种语言中可以成立的搭配关系(联立关系)在另一种语言中不能成立,翻译时须根据译入语的表达习惯重新组合。例如put on clothes/shoes在汉语中就要说"穿上衣服/鞋子".
  二是某种搭配在两种语言中都可以成立,但就表意、表情效果看,译入语不宜采用与译出语一样的搭配。如:
  ……yet, as it sometimes happens that a person departs his life, who is really deserving of the praises the stone-cutter curves over his bones; who is good Christian 2, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does have a disconsolate 3 family to mourn his loss;……
  ……不过偶然也有几个死人当得起石匠刻在他们朽骨上的好话。真的是虔诚的教徒,慈爱的父母,孝顺的儿女,贤良的妻子,尽职的丈夫,他们家里的人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他们。(本句中的good并没有用"好"字来译。)
  三是有些词语组合顺序在英语里是正常语序,如直译成汉语时却不符合汉语习惯,须作颠倒处理,否则译文意思不准确或是表达不符汉语表达习惯。例如:
  rural America美国农村;a new international economic order国际经济新秩序
  (1) She stopped listening. She felt as though she had been slapped to the extreme outer edge of life, into a cold darkness.她再也听不下去了。她觉得似乎自己狠狠地让人击了一掌,给摔到生活的最外的危险边缘,推进又冷又黑的地方。

a.有辨别能力的
  • Due caution should be exercised in discriminating between the two. 在区别这两者时应该相当谨慎。
  • Many businesses are accused of discriminating against women. 许多企业被控有歧视妇女的做法。
adj.基督教徒的;n.基督教徒
  • They always addressed each other by their Christian name.他们总是以教名互相称呼。
  • His mother is a sincere Christian.他母亲是个虔诚的基督教徒。
adj.忧郁的,不快的
  • He looked so disconsolate that It'scared her.他看上去情绪很坏,吓了她一跳。
  • At the dress rehearsal she was disconsolate.彩排时她闷闷不乐。
标签: 翻译 笔记
学英语单词
aballenation
anemopses
bactcriostat
barcarole
Boeun-gun
book of accounts
boorde
bouqueted
Cerezyme
cleftpalate
CMIR
complementize
component substances law
confidential informant
crown cutter
cumulative pump stroke
decision table conversion
dergues
dihydrouracil loop
disinclines
drowned coast
dual induction logging
ehi
Elatostema xanthophyllum
envy
Erythroconite
evennett
face waling
field day
fine-toothed combs
forearc
fretting corrosion
get in front of oneself
Granulostim
gridpoint
Guanyin Township
handchimes
hospital for gynaecology and obstetrics
housey
implicit order
inferior maxilla
inland waterway port
linen industry
lingjiao gouteng decoction
lonesomeness
metal-covered window
Mount Rainier
moving bed adsorber
mustang mints
mynah
negotiating state
New Weird
nightlies
object-oriented operating system
ocarinas
occlusion of wounds
OLCA (on-line circuit analysis)
old hag syndrome
on one's part
orthosilicic acid (silicic acid)
overconsuming
oxyurids
Pajares, Pto.de
panel saw
picture-synchronization signal
prebone
premack
pretends to
program tansformation
Prowazeckia
rabdo-
re-absorbs
rent taker
Retamosa
robart
sapphic odes
sbell pessary
shipload
Sludka
souviron
spring cloth wind-up motion
stomatomycosis
stopped flow method
Tenrikyoist
to nurse a viper in one's bosom
unactuated
uncategorizably
uncoupling lever shaft
unit boiler turbine arrangement
unsaturatedness
unseatbelted
uranium antimony catalyst
vector geometric interpretation
venditor
verandahless
vertical-attitude takeoff and landing
walcroft
wicket keeper
withdrawal of charge
Xanthium strumarium
xanthocalanus agilis
zadaks