时间:2019-01-17 作者:英语课 分类:英语口译


英语课

   按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这一标准,英语和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词和无灵动词。前者用在表示有生命的名词后,后者用在表示无生命的名词后。含有灵动词的句子称作有生命主语句,含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句。英语和汉语在有灵动词和无灵动词上的差别是:有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中无有明确的区别,即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又可用作无灵动词;而在汉语中这两类动词之间却有明确的区别,即一个用作有灵动词的动词不能同时用作无灵动词。


  例如:
  (1) One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury 1. 据可靠消息,财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
  (2) John said that he would come this evening.约翰说他今晚来。
  上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的 one reliable source 和表示有生命的John搭配。前句是无生命主语句,后者是有生命主语句。动词 say在前一例中用作无灵动词,在后一例中用作有灵动词。而汉语中与say相对应的动词是"说",它只能作有灵动词。如改作无灵动词,则很不符合汉语的表达习惯。英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点,二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
  一、英语无生命主语句特点从充当句子主语的词语来看,英语无生命主语句大致有下列几种类型:
  A. 以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子:
  (1) 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
  (2) The minutes slipped by quickly.时间一分钟一分钟地溜过去了。
  (3) Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马城发生过许多伟大历史性事件。
  B. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语:
  (1)His illness prevented him from attending the conference.他因病未能参加会议。
  (2)Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
  (3)Astonishment, apprehension 2, and even horror oppressed her.她感到心情抑郁,甚至惊恐不安。
  C. 具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语:
  (1)The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.一见到它, 我就感到紧张。
  (2)The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.抄近路也要5 小时才能到那里。
  (3)That night sleep eluded 3 him.那天夜里他没睡好。
  (4)The fresh sunlit January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought. 一月的早晨清新晴朗,令年轻教师心中充满了愉快的感想。
  D. 其他类型:
  (1)The matter asks immediate 4 attention.这件事需要立即予以注意。
  (2)Well, Colonel Fitzwilliam, what do I play next? My fingers wait your orders.噢,菲兹威廉上校,接着弹个什么曲子?我在听您吩咐呢。
  (3)Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.她的心里的确嘀咕:为了我,他才这么做的。
  二、 无生命主语句的译法翻译英语的无生命主语句时首先要考虑到其特点,吃透原文, 然后用符合汉语表达习惯的主谓搭配形式把原文的意思传达出来。下面就是常用的几种方法:
  A. 改变原句中的主语,即找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语,把无生命主语转换为有生命主语,重组句子。例如:
  (1) The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing 5 to shed my rags, and to clothe myself decently once more.我一看到一家服装店, 心里就起了一阵强烈的愿望, 很想扔掉这身褴褛的衣服,重新穿得象个样子。
  (2) Anger choked his words. 他气得话也说不出来。
  (3) His weariness and the increasing heat determined 6 him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。 他于是下了决心, 一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下休息。
  (4) Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.我从她的眼中看出一定有什么事发生了。
  B. 把无生命主语转化成汉语复句英语中含无生命主语句,从语法上看常常是简单句,但却因含着一定的逻辑关系,有时还含有并列句和复合句的内容。翻译这类句子时,不能照搬原文表达形式,而要把无生命主语转换成有生命主语或是其他类型的主语,有时还要采用拆分等手段,以便把逻辑关系和时间顺序逐层表达出来。拆译前可增加一些连词(如"因为"、"所以"、"如果"、"虽然"、等),例如:
  (1) The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.由于天气寒冷刺骨,人人都已躲进了室内。
  (2) The sight of the girl always reminds me of her parents.我一见到这个女孩,就想起她的父母。
  (3) A second term would give the President more power than was safe for republican institution. 如果总统竟然连任, 就会使总统权利太大而足以威胁共和制度的安全。
  (4) This medicine will make you feel better. 吃了药你会舒服些。
  C. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的状语这种情况下,一般把主语译成时间、地点状语。某些句子的宾语如是表示某种行为和动作的名词,可译为谓语,其定语译为主语。原谓语不翻译,因实质性内容是由宾语及定语表示的。例如:
  (1) As he puffed 7, an abrupt 8 sound startled him.他正吸烟时,猛然听到一种意料不到的声音,不由得吃了一惊。
  (2) Investigation 9 led us to the foregoing conclusion.经过调查, 我们得出了上述结论(3) The forty years, 1840-80, brought almost ten million migrants to America. 从1840至1880年这四十年中, 近一千万移民移居美国。
  (4) Down met him well along the way. It was a pleasant uneventful ride.东方欲晓的时候, 他已走了一大段路了,这次骑马旅行是很愉快的,没有碰到意外事件。
  (5) Four days passed, and the fifth day found the King of the Blind still incognito 10 as a clumsy and useless stranger among his subjects. 四天过去了。 到了第五天,这位"盲人之王"仍被他的子民认为是个笨拙无用的外人。
  D. 把无生命主语转化成汉语的外位成分把无生命主语从原句拆出来,作为外位成分,必要时译成无主语句。有时,汉语句子的主语可用一个代词如"这"来替代。这种拆译和转换可以避免汉语的主语太长,又能使主谓靠拢,使整句结构紧凑、逻辑关系清晰。例如:
  (1) Zaire defies easy classification.很难把扎伊尔列入哪个类型中。
  (2) The heat makes me sweat like a pig. 热得我满头大汗。
  (3) The noise made everybody upset. 闹得大家不得安宁。
  (4) The small table overturning as he fell to the carpet helped bring her out of the shock. 他倒在地毯上,把小桌子撞翻,这才令她惊醒过来。
  E. 引申英语谓语动词的词义,加以适当变通。例如:
  (1) The courage escaped from me at the moment.那一刻我突然失去了勇气。
  (2) From his windows which overlooked the Bay of Naples, he saw a hundred places that recalled the Romans and the Greeks. The past began to haunt him. 他站在窗前就能俯视那不勒斯湾。此时,他凭窗远望,看到上百处残踪遗迹,因而联想到罗马和希腊的胜衰。他开始不停地思考起古代社会来。
  (3) Her name escaped me. 我记不起她的名字了。
  (4) Words failed him. 他说不出话来。
  (5) A smile warmed her face. 她的脸上洋溢着微笑。
  (6) Warning plates with a red skull 11 and crossbones said in three languages: Danger! 画着红色骷髅和交叉股骨的警告牌上用三种文字标出"危险"的字样。
  A lot of troubles visited the poor family.
  这个贫困的家庭遇到不少麻烦。
  F. 运用使役句式。例如:
  (1) His illness left him weak. 疾病使他虚弱。
  (2) Continuous rain prevented us from taking any outdoor exercise.阴雨连绵,使我们不能做任何室外运动。
  (3)The noise frightened me. 那个声音把我吓坏了。
  G. 采用拟人化的句式,但不能滥用。例如:
  (1) Illness deprives him of life. 疾病夺走了他的生命。
  (2) Good manners will open doors that the best education cannot.良好教养能打开最佳学历所打不开的门。
  (3) Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。

n.宝库;国库,金库;文库
  • The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
  • This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。
n.理解,领悟;逮捕,拘捕;忧虑
  • There were still areas of doubt and her apprehension grew.有些地方仍然存疑,于是她越来越担心。
  • She is a girl of weak apprehension.她是一个理解力很差的女孩。
v.(尤指机敏地)避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 );逃避;躲避;使达不到
  • The sly fox nimbly eluded the dogs. 那只狡猾的狐狸灵活地躲避开那群狗。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The criminal eluded the police. 那个罪犯甩掉了警察的追捕。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的
  • His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
  • We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
n.(for)渴望
  • Hearing the tune again sent waves of longing through her.再次听到那首曲子使她胸中充满了渴望。
  • His heart burned with longing for revenge.他心中燃烧着急欲复仇的怒火。
adj.坚定的;有决心的
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
adj.疏松的v.使喷出( puff的过去式和过去分词 );喷着汽(或烟)移动;吹嘘;吹捧
  • He lit a cigarette and puffed at it furiously. 他点燃了一支香烟,狂吸了几口。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He felt grown-up, puffed up with self-importance. 他觉得长大了,便自以为了不起。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.突然的,意外的;唐突的,鲁莽的
  • The river takes an abrupt bend to the west.这河突然向西转弯。
  • His abrupt reply hurt our feelings.他粗鲁的回答伤了我们的感情。
n.调查,调查研究
  • In an investigation,a new fact became known, which told against him.在调查中新发现了一件对他不利的事实。
  • He drew the conclusion by building on his own investigation.他根据自己的调查研究作出结论。
adv.匿名地;n.隐姓埋名;adj.化装的,用假名的,隐匿姓名身份的
  • He preferred to remain incognito.他更喜欢继续隐姓埋名下去。
  • He didn't want to be recognized,so he travelled incognito.他不想被人认出,所以出行时隐瞒身分。
n.头骨;颅骨
  • The skull bones fuse between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five.头骨在15至25岁之间长合。
  • He fell out of the window and cracked his skull.他从窗子摔了出去,跌裂了颅骨。
标签: 动词
学英语单词
Abu Zaby,Abu Zabi
allow a discount
amidinothiourea
announcing signal
anti-oxidant
aplat
assistant referee
axosomatic synapse
back in the day
bardaches
battery anti-aircraft battery
behalves
Brescian
Brit-
cadaveric reaction
cavagna
charitable causes
Chichevache
clun
contest weight
damage control bills
dawish
decoys
direct labo(u)r hour
disworshipped
electric(al) (dust) precipitator
elongation viscosity
Eurostocks
exhaustive sufficient estimator
extensive root system
for every
foremeant
form of music
fortuning
Furubira
gang war
God's bones
hardware context
heterosynaptic facilitation
I. C.
image encoding
inequability
invertin
jinggangshanensis
krebs citric-acid cycle
Ldr
leading dominant
low bias
lung channel of hand-Taiyin
major grid
memory hierarchy
mesityl alcohol
milton-jones
mobile satellite
monkdom
motion picture negative film
nervus cutaneus colli
network compromise
Neviges
NHRIC
odor inhibitor
one-stoplight
open ion pair
options market maker
Ostashkovskiy Rayon
otosteal
pacay
petrol capacity
Phishhead
Port-Bouët
posterior thyro-arytenoid ligament
pressing machine
promed
prontosil album
pulp filter
qualified plan
rebukest
red chalk
rhenopalite
Ribeirão do Salto
seize an opportunity
ship's weather instrument
sound head
sphilitic
st. marys fa.
stamina column
stand stay
tacit knowledge
Tax Man.
tennis
text manipulation
time and a half
to the contrary
top usable frequency
transfer student
UDC (universal decimal classification)
Ulithi Atoll
vapour-bath
vernase
vertebral fracture
Villarquemado
Windows Server