怎样翻译中文称谓?
英语课
在外事接待活动中,译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译。称谓代表了一个人的职位、职衔或学衔,体现了一个人的资历和地位。称谓的误译不仅是对有关人员的不尊重,而且也会产生种种不良的后果。称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解,尤其是对称谓语的认识。一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份,例如,英语的头衔语 president,译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统、国家主席、大学的校长、学院的院长、学会或协会的会长或主席、公司的总裁或董事长等等。
一般说来,各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词 head,但从比较严格的意义上看,应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如:
校长(大学) President of Beijing University校长(中小学) Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School院长(大学下属) Dean of the Graduate School系主任(大学学院下属) Chair/Chairman of the English Department会长/主席(学/协会) President of the Student Union, Shanghai University厂长(企业) Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant院长(医院) President of Huadong Hospital主任(中心) Director of the Business Center主任(行政) Director of Foreign Affairs Office董事长(企业) President/Chairman of the Board of Directors董事长(学校) President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有 chief general, head , managing 这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯:
总书记 general secretary总工程师 chief engineer总会计师 chief accountant总建筑师 chief architect总编辑 chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor总出纳 chief cashier; general cashier总裁判 chief referee 1总经理 general manager; managing director; executive head总代理 general agent总教练 head coach总导演 head director总干事 secretary-general;commissioner 2总指挥 commander-in-chief; generalissimo总领事 consul-general总监 chief inspector 3; inspector-general;chief impresario 4总厨 head cook; chef有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以用一些通用的头衔词表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用 director, head 或 chief 来表示:
司(部属)department厅(省属)department署(省属)office(行署为administrative office)局 bureau所 institute处 division科 section股 section室 office教研室 program / section例:
局长 director of the bureau; head of the bureau; bureau chief。
国务院 the State Council 属下的部为 ministry 5,所以部长叫作 minister。
另外,公署专员叫作commissioner,其办事机构叫作“专员公署”,英语为 prefectural commissioner's office。
汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择 vice 6, associate, assistant, deputy 等词。相对而言,vice 使用面较广,例如:
副总统(或大学副校长等)vice president副主席(或系副主任等)vice chairman副总理 vice premier 7副部长 vice minister副省长 vice governor副市长 vice mayor副领事 vice consul副校长(中小学)vice principal行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是 associate,例如:
副教授 associate professor副研究员 associate research fellow副主编 associate managing editor副编审 associate senior editor副审判长 associate judge副研究馆员 associate research fellow of ... (e.g. library science)副译审 associate senior translator副主任医师 associate senior doctor当然,有些英语职位头衔,如 manager 和 headmaster,其副职头衔可冠以 assistant,例如:
副总经理 assistant / deputy general manager; assistant / deputy managing director大堂副理(宾馆)assistant manager副校长(中小学)assistant headmaster以 director 表示的职位的副职常以 deputy director 表示。此外,secretary, mayor, dean 等头衔的副职也可冠以 deputy,例如:
副秘书长 deputy secretary-general耐书记 deputy secretary副市长 deputy mayor副院长 deputy dean学术头衔系列除了含“正”“副”级别的高级职称和中级职称外,还有初级职称如“助理”,“助理”常用 assistant 来表示,例如:
助理教授 assistant professor助理研究员 assistant research fellow助理工程师 assistant engineer助理编辑 assistant editor助理馆员 assistant research fellow of... (e.g. library science)助理教练 assistant coach助理农艺师 assistant agronomist还有一些行业的职称头衔,其高级职称不用“正”或“副”表示,而直接用“高级”或“资深”来表示,我们可以用 senior 来称呼,例如:
高级编辑 senior editor高级工程师 senior engineer高级记者 senior reporter高级讲师 senior lecturer高级教师 senior teacher高级农艺师 senior agronomist有一些行业的职称或职务系列中,最高级别的职位冠以“首席”一词,英语常用 chief 来表示:
首席执行官 chief executive officer (CEO)首席法官 chief judge首席顾问 chief advisor 8首席检察官 chief inspector / prosecutor 9首席仲裁员 chief arbitrator首席监事 chief supervisor 10首席播音员 chief announcer / broadcaster首席代表 chief representative首席记者 chief correspondent除了用“总”、“高级”、“首席”等词语来表示一些机构或行业的最高级职务之外,还有一些高级职务则使用带“长”字的头衔,例如:
检察长 procurator-general审判忙 presiding judge;chief judge;chief of judges护士长 head nurse秘书长 secretary-general参谋长 chief of staff厨师长 head cook,chef有些头衔会含诸如“代理”、“常务”、“执行”、“名誉”这类称谓语,例如:
代理市长,代理总理,代理主任常务理事,常务副校长执行主席,执行主任,执行秘书名誉校长,名誉会长一般说来,“代理”可译作 acting 11,例如:
代理市长 acting mayor代理总理 acting premier代理主任 acting director“常务”可以 managing 表示,例如:
常务理事 managing director常务副校长 managing vice president(亦可作 first vice mayor)“执行”可译作 executive,例如:
执行主任executive director执行秘书executive secretary执行主席executive chairman(也可译作presiding chairman)“名誉”译为honorary,例如:
名誉校长 honorary president / principal名誉主席、会长 honorary chairman / president(也可用 emeritus 12 表示,如 emeritus chairman / president)有些职称或职务带有“主任”、“主治”、“特级”厂特派,、“特约”等头衔,英译不尽相同,例如:
主任编辑 associate senior editor主任秘书 chief secretary主任医师 senior doctor主任护士 senior nurse主治医师 attending / chief doctor; physician; consultant 13特级教师 special-grade senior teacher特派记者 accredited 14 correspondent特派员/专员 commissioner特约编辑 contributing editor特约记者 special correspondent许多职称、职务的头衔称谓其英语表达法难以归类,需要日积月累,逐步登录在自己的称谓语料库中。以下所列举是其中的一部分:
办公室主任 office manager (如“校长办公室主任” manager of president's office)财务主任 treasurer 15车间主任 workshop manager / director编审 senior editor博导(博士生导师)doctoral student supervisor研究生导师 graduate student tutor客座教授 visiting professor院士 academician译审 senior translator村长 village head领班 captain;foreman;gaffer经纪人 broker 16税务员 tax collector研究管员 research fellow of...(如“图书馆研究管员” research fellow of library science)股票交易员 stock dealer红马夹 (stock exchange) floor broker业务经理 service/business/operation manager住院医生 resident (doctor); registrar国际大师 international master注册会计师 chartered / certified public accountant; registered / incorporated accountant我国有一些常见的荣誉称号 (honorary title) 在许多英语国家没有对应的表达语,现列举部分英译供参考:
标兵 pacemaker学习标兵 student pacemaker; model student劳动模范 model worker模范教师 model teacher优秀教师 excellent teacher优秀员工 outstanding employee; employee of the month / year青年标兵 model youth / youth pacemaker三好学生 "triple-A" outstanding student; outstanding student三八妇女红旗手 "March 8th Red Banner" outstanding woman pacemaker
n.裁判员.仲裁人,代表人,鉴定人
- The team was left raging at the referee's decision.队员们对裁判员的裁决感到非常气愤。
- The referee blew a whistle at the end of the game.裁判在比赛结束时吹响了哨子。
n.(政府厅、局、处等部门)专员,长官,委员
- The commissioner has issued a warrant for her arrest.专员发出了对她的逮捕令。
- He was tapped for police commissioner.他被任命为警务处长。
n.检查员,监察员,视察员
- The inspector was interested in everything pertaining to the school.视察员对有关学校的一切都感兴趣。
- The inspector was shining a flashlight onto the tickets.查票员打着手电筒查看车票。
n.歌剧团的经理人;乐团指挥
- The impresario will present an expanded series of concerts next season.下个季节将举办一次大型的系列音乐会。
- The impresario had buttoned his astrakhan coat.乐团经理扣好了羔皮外套。
n.(政府的)部;牧师
- They sent a deputation to the ministry to complain.他们派了一个代表团到部里投诉。
- We probed the Air Ministry statements.我们调查了空军部的记录。
n.坏事;恶习;[pl.]台钳,老虎钳;adj.副的
- He guarded himself against vice.他避免染上坏习惯。
- They are sunk in the depth of vice.他们堕入了罪恶的深渊。
adj.首要的;n.总理,首相
- The Irish Premier is paying an official visit to Britain.爱尔兰总理正在对英国进行正式访问。
- He requested that the premier grant him an internview.他要求那位总理接见他一次。
n.顾问,指导老师,劝告者
- They employed me as an advisor.他们聘请我当顾问。
- The professor is engaged as a technical advisor.这位教授被聘请为技术顾问。
n.起诉人;检察官,公诉人
- The defender argued down the prosecutor at the court.辩护人在法庭上驳倒了起诉人。
- The prosecutor would tear your testimony to pieces.检查官会把你的证言驳得体无完肤。
n.监督人,管理人,检查员,督学,主管,导师
- Between you and me I think that new supervisor is a twit.我们私下说,我认为新来的主管人是一个傻瓜。
- He said I was too flighty to be a good supervisor.他说我太轻浮不能成为一名好的管理员。
n.演戏,行为,假装;adj.代理的,临时的,演出用的
- Ignore her,she's just acting.别理她,她只是假装的。
- During the seventies,her acting career was in eclipse.在七十年代,她的表演生涯黯然失色。
adj.名誉退休的
- "Perhaps I can introduce Mr.Lake Kirby,an emeritus professor from Washington University?"请允许我介绍华盛顿大学名誉教授莱克柯尔比先生。
- He will continue as chairman emeritus.他将会继续担任荣誉主席。
n.顾问;会诊医师,专科医生
- He is a consultant on law affairs to the mayor.他是市长的一个法律顾问。
- Originally,Gar had agreed to come up as a consultant.原来,加尔只答应来充当我们的顾问。
adj.可接受的;可信任的;公认的;质量合格的v.相信( accredit的过去式和过去分词 );委托;委任;把…归结于
- The discovery of distillation is usually accredited to the Arabs of the 11th century. 通常认为,蒸馏法是阿拉伯人在11世纪发明的。
- Only accredited journalists were allowed entry. 只有正式认可的记者才获准入内。
n.司库,财务主管
- Mr. Smith was succeeded by Mrs.Jones as treasurer.琼斯夫人继史密斯先生任会计。
- The treasurer was arrested for trying to manipulate the company's financial records.财务主管由于试图窜改公司财政帐目而被拘留。
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