大学英语自学教程上UNIT23

00:04.78]Non-verbal Communication
[00:07.01]非言语交际
[00:09.25]If anyone asked you what were the main means of communication between people,
[00:13.07]如果有人问你，人与人之间的主要交际手段是什么，
[00:16.90]what would you say?
[00:18.78]你会怎么说呢？
[00:20.66]That isn't a catch question.
[00:22.88]这不是一个难以回答的问题。
[00:25.10]The answer is simple and obvious.
[00:27.43]答案简单又明显。
[00:29.75]It would almost certainly refer to means of communication
[00:33.44]几乎完全可以肯定地证券交易，
[00:37.12]that involve the use of words.
[00:39.34]它是使用语言的交际手段。
[00:41.56]Speakers and listeners--oral communication
[00:44.64]说话者与听话者使用口语交际；
[00:47.73]and writers and readers written communication,And you'd be quite right.
[00:50.70]作者与读者使用书面语交际。
[00:53.68]And you'd be quite right.
[00:55.81]你的回答应当说是相当的正确。
[00:57.94]There is, however, another form of communication
[01:00.81]但是还有一种
[01:03.69]which We all use most of the time, usually without knowing it.
[01:07.25]我们不知不觉地随时使用的交际形式。
[01:10.82]This is sometimes called body language.
[01:13.50]这就是我们有时所说的身姿语，
[01:16.17]Its more technical name is non-verbal communication.
[01:19.45]用更专业性的术语来说，就是非言语交际。
[01:22.73]Nonverbal, because it does not involve the use of words.
[01:26.52]之所以叫做非言语交际是因为交际中未使用语言。
[01:30.31]NVC for short.
[01:32.83]“非言语交际”的英文缩写为NVC 。
[01:35.35]When someone is saying something with which he agrees,
[01:38.17]如果一般的欧洲人同意某人所说的某件事时，
[01:40.99]the average European will smile and nod approval.
[01:44.42]他用微笑和点头表示 赞许。
[01:47.86]On the other hand, if you disagree with what they are saying,you may frown and shake your head.
[01:52.24]反之，如果你不同意某人所说，你可能会皱眉与摇头。
[01:56.61]In this way you signal your reactions and
[01:59.29]你用这种方法一言不发地
[02:01.97]communicate them to the speaker without saying a word.
[02:05.05]表示了你的反应并把它传递给了对方。
[02:08.13]I referred a moment ago to "the average European"
[02:11.16]我刚才说的是“一般欧洲人”,
[02:14.19]because body language is very much tied to culture,
[02:17.13]因为身势语与文化有关固定的关系。
[02:20.07]and in order not to misunderstand,or not to be misunderstood, you must realize this.
[02:24.69]为了不误解别人的意思或不被别人误解，你必须认识到这一点。
[02:29.32]A smiling Chinese, for instance,may not be approving
[02:32.70]比如，中国人微笑可能并不表示赞许，
[02:36.08]but somewhat embarrassed.
[02:38.07]而是某种尴尬的表现。
[02:40.05]Quite a lot of work is now being done on the subject of NVC,
[02:43.58]关于NVC问题，人们正在做很多的研究工作。
[02:47.11]which is obviously important
[02:49.29]这一点，比如对管理人员来说，
[02:51.47]for instance,to managers who have to deal every day with their staff,
[02:55.29]显然十分重要，因为如果要创造良好的工作条件
[02:59.12]and have to understand what other people are feeling if they are to create good working conditions.
[03:03.11]管理人员必须每天与他的员工打交道，必须了解别人都在想些什么。
[03:07.09]Body language, or NVC signals, are sometimes categorised into five kinds
[03:11.41]身姿语，即NVC信号，有时可归为五类：
[03:15.74]1. body and facial gestures;
[03:18.56]1体势与面部表情；
[03:21.38]2. eye contact; 3.body contact or "proximity 1"
[03:25.71]2目光接触；3身体接触，即“亲近度”;
[03:30.05]4. clothing and physical appearance and 5. the quality of speech.
[03:34.82]4着装与外观；5言语质量。
[03:39.59]I expect you understood all those, except perhaps "proximity.
[03:43.06]我想诸位都懂得这些概念，也许“新近度”例外。
[03:46.53]" This simply means "closeness".
[03:49.17]亲近度不过就是靠近的程度”。
[03:51.81]In some cultures--
[03:53.73]在某些文化中——
[03:55.65]and I am sure this is a cultural feature and not an individual one
[03:59.03]我相信这是文化特性而并非个人的特性
[04:02.42]it is quite normal for people to stand close together,
[04:05.66]当别人和你说话的时候，你们站在一起距离很近，
[04:08.89]or to more or less thrust their face into yours when they are talking to you[04:12.53]或者别人把脸靠得几乎碰到你的脸部，这是很正常的现象。
[04:16.16]In other cultures, this is disliked;
[04:18.83]但在另外一些文化中，人们不喜欢这种做法。
[04:21.51]Americans, for instancetalk about invasion of their space.
[04:25.29]例如，美国人就说这是对他们的空间侵犯。
[04:29.06]Some signals are probably common to all of us.
[04:32.20]有些信号可能对我们所有的人都是共同的。
[04:35.33]If a public speaker (like a professor,for example)
[04:38.20]如果一位讲演者（例如像教授那样的人）
[04:41.08]is all the time fiddling 2 with a pencil[04:43.90]在对你讲演的同时无意地摆弄铅笔
[04:46.72]or with his glasses,while he is talking to you,
[04:49.08]或眼镜，实际上他在清楚地
[04:51.45]he is telling you quite clearly that he is nervous.
[04:54.53]向你显示他很紧张。
[04:57.61]A person who holds a hand over his mouth when he is talking
[05:00.84]一个人如果说话时手放在嘴上
[05:04.07]is signalling that he is lacking in confidence.
[05:06.95]说明了缺乏信心。
[05:09.84]If you start wriggling 3 in your chairs
[05:12.06]如果你开始在座椅上扭来扭去，
[05:14.28]looking secretly at your watches or yawning behind your hands,
[05:17.61]偷偷地看表或用手捂住嘴的哈欠，
[05:20.94]I shall soon get the message that I'm boring you.
[05:23.58]我立即就会明白你的意思，你对我的讲话感到厌烦了。
[05:26.22]And so on. I'm sure you could make a whole list of such signals
[05:29.74]如此等等，举不胜举.我相信你可以将这些信号列出一个长长的单子如果你真的这样做，
[05:33.27]and it might be fun if you did.
[05:35.40]那会很有意思的。
[05:37.53]All the signals I have mentioned so far can be controlled.
[05:41.02]以上我提到的所有这些信号都是可以控制的。
[05:44.50]If you are aware that you are doing these things,you can stop.
[05:47.78]如果你现在意识不到做这些动作，你可以停下来。
[05:51.06]You can even learn to give false signals.
[05:53.84]甚至可以学会给出虚假信号。
[05:56.62]Most public speakers are in fact nervous,
[05:59.35]实际上多数演说家都很紧张，
[06:02.08]but a good speaker learns to hide this
[06:04.76]但是一个好的演讲者会学会给出信心的信号
[06:07.44]by giving off signals of confidence
[06:09.76]来掩盖自己的紧张。
[06:12.09]Other kinds of NVC are not so easy to control.
[06:15.92]另有几种NVC不容易控制。
[06:19.74]Eye contact, for instance.
[06:21.92]例如目光接触便是如此。
[06:24.10]Unless you are confessing intense love
[06:26.74]除非你在表示着炽热的爱情，
[06:29.38]you hardly ever look into someone else's eyes for very long.
[06:32.66]否则你几乎从不会长时间地把目光与别人对视。
[06:35.94]If you try it, you'll find they will soon look away
[06:39.02]如果你试着这样做一次，你大概会觉得不好意思，
[06:42.10]probably in embarrassment 4.
[06:44.23]而很快把目光移开对方。
[06:46.36]I' ve already mentioned proximity,
[06:48.63]我已经谈到过了亲近性。
[06:50.91]so just a brief word now about our last two categories,
[06:54.08]现在对最后两类简单地谈几句。
[06:57.25]which concern the way people dress and the way they speak.
[07:00.43]这两类涉及人们的着装和说话的方式。
[07:03.60]These are both pretty obvious signals.
[07:05.93]这两类都是相当明显的信号。
[07:08.25]People may dress casually 5 and speak casually
[07:11.09]人们着装可以不拘礼仪，说话可以随便，
[07:13.92]which signals that they are relaxed.
[07:16.24]这都表明他们轻松宽展。
[07:18.57]Or they can dress formally and speak formally, showing their tenseness.
[07:22.15]反过去时来，着装正式，说话彬彬有礼，说明心态紧张。
[07:25.73]In fact, non-verbal communication can,as the saying goes, speak volumes.
[07:30.30]事实非言语交际，正如俗话说，此时无声胜有声。
[07:34.87]Text B
[07:38.42]Body Talk
[07:40.04]身姿语交际
[07:41.66]Have you ever wondered
[07:43.18]你是否曾想过
[07:44.69]why you sometimes take an almost immediateliking to a person you have just met?
[07:47.81]为什么你一见到一个人就几乎立即喜欢上他？
[07:50.94]Or worried about why someone you were talking to
[07:53.31]或者是否担心过：为什么你与你谈话的人
[07:55.69]suddenly became cool and distant?
[07:57.82]忽然变得冷淡和疏远了呢？
[07:59.95]The chances are that it wasn't
[08:01.87]很可能不是因为说了什么话，
[08:03.79]anything that was said but something that happened: [08:06.22]而是因为发生了某种事情：
[08:08.65]a gesture, a movement, a smite,
[08:11.17]是一个手势，一个动作或一个微笑所致。
[08:13.69]Social scientists ale nowdevoting considerable attention
[08:16.33]社会科学家现在相当注意研究
[08:18.96]to "non-verbal communication,'
[08:21.09]“非言语交际”，
[08:23.22]what happens when people get together,
[08:25.20]即人们在一起时，
[08:27.17]apart from their actual eonversation.
[08:29.09]除了实际交谈外还发生的事情。
[08:31.01]Professor Erving Goffman of the University of Pennsylvania
[08:33.93]宾夕法尼亚大学的欧文’高夫曼教授
[08:36.86]is involved in a continuing study
[08:38.99]参与一项关于
[08:41.12]of the way people behave in soeial interaction.
[08:43.55]人们在社会交往中的行为方式的系列性研究。
[08:45.98]He feets that gestures,movements
[08:48.20]他感到手势、动作
[08:50.42]and physical elosehess have meaning
[08:52.49]和身体距离都具有
[08:54.57]which the words that the people are using do using not carry.
[08:57.25]人们用语言所不能表达的含义。
[08:59.92]The closeness of two people when talking,
[09:01.95]两人谈话时的靠近程度[09:03.97]movement towards and away from each other,
[09:06.31]彼此相距更接近还是更远离，
[09:08.65]and the amount of eye eontactatl 'reveal something
[09:11.38]以及目光接触程度都能显示
[09:14.11]about the nature of the relationship between the two individuals.
[09:17.05]两人关系性质的某些情况。
[09:19.99]We tend to be only subeonseiouely aware,
[09:22.21]我们对社会行为的
[09:24.43]if at all of the various patterns and rituals of social behavor.
[09:27.85]各种模式和礼仪纵有所知，也常是下意识的。
[09:31.27]We expect other people to act aceording to the same "rules" that we do
[09:34.21]我们期待别人也按我们的“规则”行事，
[09:37.15]so much so that the manners and behavior of persons
[09:39.79]以至处于另一种文化背景下的人的某些行为举止
[09:42.43]from another culturecan be extremely confusing.
[09:44.79]会使我们感到极为困惑。
[09:47.15]For example,
[09:48.53]例如，
[09:49.90]North Americans tend to expect more physical distance between two speakers than do Latin Americans.
[09:53.92]北美洲人与拉丁美洲人相比，前者更希望两人说话之间应保持更大一些的距离。
[09:57.94]Consequesntly,
[09:59.52]因此，
[10:01.10]when the Latin American seens to be leaning too closethe
[10:03.47]当一位拉丁美洲人似乎靠得太近的时候，
[10:05.83]North American complains of "invasionof his space.
[10:08.63]北美洲人便抱怨“侵犯了他的空间”。
[10:11.42]"The,Latin American, on the other hand,
[10:13.64]反过来，拉丁美洲人认为
[10:15.86]often considers the North American to be "cold" or "distant"
[10:18.68]北美洲人“冷淡”或“疏远”，
[10:21.51]because he keeps a greater distance between himselfand the person he is speaking to.
[10:24.59]因为北美洲人与跟他说话的人之间保持着更大的距离。
[10:27.67]Eye contact is one way of measuring the degree of closeness
[10:30.30]虽然目光接触对不同的文化具有不同的含义，
[10:32.92]of relationship between two speakers,
[10:35.00]但它是一种衡量两个说话人之间
[10:37.07]although there are cultural variations in the meaning of eye contact.
[10:39.65]关系密切程度的手段。
[10:42.22]In the Middle East, for example,
[10:43.98]在中东，如果
[10:45.75]it is considered extremely provocativefor a woman to let a man catch her eye,
[10:48.88]一个女人让一个男人注视她的眼睛，就被认为是挑逗性的，
[10:52.02]let alone return his gaze.
[10:53.90]更不要说交换眼神了。
[10:55.78]Social psychologist Michael Argyle observes
[10:57.85]社会心理学家迈克尔’阿盖尔观察到
[10:59.93]that there is more eye contact between people who like each other
[11:03.01]在彼此喜欢的人之间比彼此漠不关心或者相互敌视的人之间
[11:06.10]than those who are indifferent or hostile towards each other.
[11:08.53]目光接触要更多些。
[11:10.96]And the longer the length of the gaze,
[11:13.33]听讲者向讲话人注视的时间愈长，
[11:15.71]the more likely it is that the listener is more interestedin the person who is speaking
[11:18.74]愈有可能说明听讲者更喜欢讲话人
[11:21.77]than the actual topic of conversation.
[11:23.95]而不是讲话的内容本身。
[11:26.13]Frequently looking down can indicate submissiveness or embarrassment11:29.31]常常向下看表示的是唯唯诺诺或局促不安。
[11:32.48]Looking away repeatedly may express boredom 6 or dislike.
[11:35.28]反复向旁边看可能表示厌烦或嫌恶。
[11:38.07]Women tend to engage in more eye contact than
[11:40.40]女人比男人更倾向于使用目光接触，
[11:42.72]menespecially when talking to other women.
[11:44.85]特别与别的女人谈话时更是如此。
[11:46.98]But too steady eye contact can make one feel uneasy at times.
[11:49.86]但持续时间很长的目光对视有时会使人感到不自在。
[11:52.75]Most people become uncomfortable under the intense gaze of a stare.
[11:56.08]多数人在别人目不转睛地盯着看时会感到很不舒服。
[11:59.41]One scientist suggests
[12:01.03]依照有一位科学家的看法，
[12:02.65]that perhaps one reason that man becomes tenseunder the force of a stare
[12:05.73]盯视时感到紧张的原因之一
[12:08.82]is in his biological ancestors:
[12:11.00]可能与人类的生物学上的祖先有关系：
[12:13.18]in apes,a stare signifies aggressiveness and hostility 7.
[12:16.26]类人猿盯着看东西便是攻击和敌视的含义。
[12:19.34]The person who insistently 8 fixes his eyes on our face
[12:22.27]如果有人不断地盯着看我们的脸，
[12:25.20]is often more succesful in arousing our dislike
[12:27.68]恐怕只会引起我们的反感
[12:30.16]than impressing us witch his directness and sincerity 9.
[12:32.73]而不会使我们认为此人直率和诚恳。
[12:35.30]Similarly, the smile cannot always be interpreted as a sign of friendliness 10.
[12:38.84]同样，不能把微笑总理解成是友好的象征。
[12:42.38]The person who smiles almost constantly
[12:44.81]一个人没有什么明显的理由总是笑容满面
[12:47.24]and with little apparent reason makes us uneasy.
[12:49.61]也会使我们感到不安[12:51.97]Even though he may believe that he is expressing friendliness
[12:54.49]即使他可能自认为在表示友好，
[12:57.01]he may really seem nervous and tense.
[12:59.09]他也会使人觉得他紧张不安。
[13:01.17]In other animals, bared teeth are a warning gesture,a danger sign.
[13:04.64]动物龇牙咧嘴是警告的姿态，是危险的信号。
[13:08.11]Genuine warmth or interest can be revealed in the eyes
[13:10.60]真正的热忱与兴趣也可以在眼睛里表露出来。
[13:13.08]suggests Dr.Eckhard Hess of the University of Chicago,
[13:15.90]芝加哥大学埃克哈特’赫斯认为，
[13:18.72]who believes that the pupils of the eyes can indicate emotion or interest
[13:21.65]他相信眼里的瞳孔能表示出一个人的情感和兴趣。
[13:24.57]The opened pupil tends to he associated with pleasant
[13:27.35]遇上令人高兴、满意的事情时，
[13:30.14]satisfying experiences.
[13:32.06]瞳孔会变大。
[13:33.98]That special sparkle in the lover's eyes
[13:36.50]情人眼里闪耀着特殊的光芒，
[13:39.02]need not be fantasyfor love may make the pupil grow larger.
[13:42.05]这种说法并非无稽之谈，因为爱情可能会使瞳孔更明亮。
[13:45.08]Sometimes when we feel that a person is "warm" or "friendly",
[13:47.86]有时我们觉得某人“热情”或“友好”时，
[13:50.64]it is possible we are reacting to a form of non-verbal communication
[13:53.82]可能是因为他的瞳孔放大——一种非言语交际形式
[13:56.99]his opened pupils.
[13:58.57]影响我们的结果。
[14:00.15]The next time you are at a party,
[14:01.89]你下次参加社交聚会时，
[14:03.62]take note of some of the silent messages being sent around you.
[14:06.30]留心一下你周围人所发出的一些无声的信息。
[14:08.98]Notice which persons seem to draw naturally together to speak,
[14:12.24]看看哪些人自然而然地聚在一起说话，
[14:15.51]which others try to stay further apart
[14:17.48]哪些人离开别人比较远，
[14:19.45]or even avoid meeting each other's eyes.
[14:21.73]甚至避开别人的目光。
[14:24.00]You may find that this silent language
[14:25.92]你会发现这种无声的语言
[14:27.84]is much more fascinatingthan the actual conversation going on around you.
[14:31.01]比你周围的实际谈话更令人神往。