时间:2018-12-18 作者:英语课 分类:英语口译


英语课

   一、正确选择词义


  词义精当,是指译者对原文每一个词都译得恰如其分。当然,怎样才算是“恰如其分”,这是个相对标准,但我们在翻译实践中,务必高标准、严要求、精益求精。
  (一)一词多义
  同一个词,由于语境不同,其词义可千差万别。试看下面几个例子:
  1) He got all the credit for the discovery.
  2) The ledger 1 shows 300 pounds on the debit 2 side and 50 pounds on the credit side.
  3) The availability of cheap long term credit would help small businesses.
  4) They sold grain on credit during time of famine.
  5) How much do I have to my credit?
  6) They cannot obtain credit at all in the trade.
  7) They have opened the covering credit with the Bank of China, London.
  以上七个句子都包含有“credit”这个词,但每个句子中“credit”,其词义都有所区别:
  1)他由于这项发现而获得各种荣誉。
  2)从分类帐上可以看出,发生金额借方300英镑,贷方50英镑。
  3)低息长期贷款可以扶持小型企业。
  4)饥荒季节,他们则赊销粮食。
  5)我们银行户头上还有多少存款?
  6)他们生意信誉已荡然无存。
  7)他们已从伦敦中国银行开立了有关信用证。
  只要翻开一般词典,我们就可知道,一词多义是语言普遍现象。因此,根据不同语境正确选词是翻译一项最基本技能。再看几个汉译英例子:
  1)价廉物美
  2)我们不销售廉价质次货物。
  3)我们已按很低价格向你们报盘。
  4)你们将会看出我们这批货物价格是很便宜。
  5)请报体温表最低价。
  6)对我们业务建议如有兴趣,请寄样品,并告最惠条款。
  7)我们报价已是最低价,折扣不能再多给了。
  以上七个句子都涉及到“价格低”这么一个概念,但若要译得贴切,却可能须用不同词来表达。试译如下:
  1) fine and inexpensive
  2) We do not sell cheap quality goods.
  3) We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.
  4) You will find our prices for these goods very popular.
  5) Please make us your lowest quotation 3 for Clinical Thermometers.
  6) If you feel interest in our business proposal, please send us the samples together with your best terms and conditions.
  7) As we have quoted you our rock-bottom price, we can't give you any more discount.
  如果查阅一般汉英词典,比如查“便宜”这一词条,往往不可能给出所有释义。即使倒过来去查英汉词典,也并非每一个词都能找到确切对应汉语词义,如“best”一词,只是在特定搭配中,才具有“优惠”、“便宜”等类含义。许多学生,一谈到“便宜”,可能马上就联想到“cheap”一词,但这个词常常含有贬义,这点不能不知。
  (二)词义引伸
  在英汉互译中,有时会遇到某些词在词典上难以找到贴切具体上下文词义,如生搬硬套,译文往往语意不清,甚至导致误解。在这种情况下,需要根据上下文和逻辑关系,从该词固有基本含义出发,进一步加以引伸。例如:
  1) We have an interest for your athletic 4 goods.
  2) To cover our shipment, we would request you to establish a commercial letter of
  credit in our favour for the contracted amount through an American Bank.
  3) We enclose a list showing our present availabilities.
  4) The arrivals do not conform to the sample. You must have shipped the wrong parcel.
  5) It is one of the most useful of the household conveniences.
  6) We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.
  7) Oil prices came tumbling down, brightening the outlook for inflation and.
  以上七个句子中“interest”,“shipment”,“availabilities”,“arrivals”,“conveniences”,“one-way street”,和“Wall Street”,如查词典,它们基本含义可分别是“兴趣”、“装运(货)”、“可得到东西”、“到达(东西)”、“便利(设施)”、“单行道”和“华尔街”。如果将这些词义直接放入译文,显然不能充分表达原文含义,故须进一步引伸。
  二、翻译活用技巧
  有人误以为,所谓合乎标准翻译,就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时候,做到“不增、不减、不改”。翻译实践告诉我们,由于两种语言表达方式差异,适当翻译往往都是“既增、又减、还改”。这种根据各自语言特点,在具体上下文中适当地“增、减、改”,就是我们所要讨论翻译技巧。
  这种翻译时适当“增、减、改”,传统上称为:词量增减、词类转换、反面着笔、语态转换等。灵活运用这些技巧,可以帮助我们在实际翻译时妥善解决内容与形式之间矛盾,使译文做到内容忠实、文字通顺、行文简洁、明确易懂,否则,译文就可能生硬、别扭、累赘、拖沓、晦涩,或导致错误。因此,译文质量高低与译者能否灵活运用翻译技巧有着十分密切关系。
  (一)词量增减
  在翻译实践中,词量增减是一个事物两个方面,要表达同一个意思,如果英译汉时需要增词,反过来,汉译英时就往往需要减词。词量增减,指是根据原文上下文意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯,在翻译时有时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含词,或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着词。必须指出是,词量增减必须防止两个倾向:一是添枝加叶,任意发挥;二是避难就易,肆意裁割。
  1、增词
  增词,从理论上说可以增加任何词。根据具体上下文,可增加动词、形容词、名词或别词类,但在什么时候增加什么样词,才能恰到好处,而不超出一定界限,则需要悉心体会。下面试分析几个译例:
  1)A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.
  译文一:一本书,紧紧合上,只是一叠纸。
  译文二:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠纸。
  译文三:一本书,如果紧紧合上不读,只是一叠废纸。
  译文四:闲置之书只是一叠废纸。
  上面同一个句子四个译文,可以体现翻译不同层次。译文一,与原文似乎丝丝入扣,但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足;译文二,增加了“如果……不读”,意思明白无误,只是觉得言犹未尽;译文三,又增加了一个废字,这可是点睛之举。能否译出这个废字,是翻译这个句子关键,也是判断这个译文优劣一个重要标准。不读书,不仅是一叠纸,而且是叠废纸。因为如果是叠白纸,还可画出最新最美图画,只有废纸才是无价值东西。一个废字,说话者语意才得以充分表达。译文三不足之处,就是行文拖沓累赘;而译文四则简明扼要,笔酣墨浓了。
  2)Success is often just an idea away.
  译文一:成功往往只是一个念头距离。
  译文二:成功往往只是一念之差。
  译文三:成功与否往往只是一念之差。
  译文一让人看后莫名其妙;译文二改变说法,但仍让人似懂非懂,而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”,但却使人豁然开朗!原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。
  如同文学翻译一样,经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。有教材试图将形形色色增词情况加以概括归类,但结果却都有牵强之嫌,因为许多例子都很难说属于某一具体范畴,很可能几种情况都兼而有之。但从整体上来说,增词要么为使译文意思明确,要么为使译文结构完整,要么为使译文符合目语行文习惯,要么为使译文具有某种修辞或语体色彩……下面实例可供学习者体会增词原理和技巧。
  1)All cash bonus shall be subject to income tax.
  所有现金红利,均须缴纳所得税。(根据汉语行文习惯,增加动词)
  2)It's more expensive than it was last time but not as good.
  价钱比上次高,但质量却比上次差。(增补原文省略部分,原句后半句完整形式应该是:……but it's not as good as it was last time.)
  3)The application of plastics in automobile 5 industry has brought about great increase of the consumption.
  塑料在汽车工业上使用大增加了塑料消费量。(增补原文省略部分,以使意思更加清楚)
  4)Commission depends on the quantity of goods ordered.
  佣金多少取决于订货量大小。(增词以使译文语意完整,更合汉语表达习惯)
  5)All the multilateral arrangements need to be examined for clauses that restrict the free trade.
  (对于)所有各种多边安排都必须加以审查,以便研讨其中有无限制自由贸易条款。
  2、减词
  由于两种语言表达习惯不同,翻译时如果一字不漏照搬,往往会显得累赘、拖沓、冗杂、或不合行文习惯,甚至产生歧义。采取减词译法可以使译文言简意赅。涉外文书翻译常有以下几种减词情况:
  (1)、减去代词
  这种情况尤见于外贸信件翻译,例如:
  1)Please let us know the detailed 6 information on your market.
  请千贵方市场详情。
  2)We assure you of our prompt attention to this matter.
  我们保证立即处理此事。
  3)You are kindly 7 requested to let us have your best quotation for the canned fish.
  请报鱼罐头最惠价。
  (2)、减去陈腐或不必要套语
  1)We take this opportunity to inform you that we are now in position to make prompt shipment of the merchandise.
  兹奉告,该商品可即期装运。(译文比原文大为简明,除减去了"take this opportunity"这一陈腐表达外,还省略了三个代词,并用一个"可"字代替了原文中"in a position"这样繁复表达方式)
  2)We are enclosing herewith the captioned 8 contract in two originals, of which please return one copy to us duly countersigned 9.
  今寄上标题合同正本一式两份,请会签后寄回一份,以便存档。
  (3)、减去不言而喻或冗杂词语
  1)Any expenses accruing 10 from this credit inquiry 11 will be gladly paid on receipt of your bill.
  对此信用咨询所需任何费用,在接到帐单后即付。
  2)On condition that you sign this receipt, I will pay the money.
  你在收据上签字,我就付款。(原文是通过连词来表示"条件",而汉语则是通过从句和主句前后顺序来表达这一关系)
  3)The price of the products should be set according to the price in the international market. It should be fixed 12 by the two parties at a level that will bring profit to both.
  产品价格应该根据国际市场价格,由双方共同商定,须照顾到双方利益。(译文看似没译"at a level",但字里行间却含有其意)
  4)Part-time waitress applicants 13 who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.
  应聘业余女服务员者,有工作经验优先录用。(如果不作省略,译成“应聘业余女服务员者,有工作经验,比没有工作经验,优先录用”,其中“比没有工作经验”就属多余了)
  5)男女老少咸宜。
  Suitable for men, women and children.
  6)互能有无
  the exchange of needed goods(试比较:the exchange of what one has for what one needs)
  从以上译例可以看出,减词译法是炼词炼句一种最重要手段,可以充分显示译文语言优势。减词译法情况同样也十分复杂,往往一个句子中多种情况省略兼而有之,因此很难加以归类,以上编排仅是为了叙述方便。除所列几种情况外,我们可以看出,许多冠词、介词、连词都没有在译文中出现,它们往往都是翻译时减词对象。

1 ledger
n.总帐,分类帐;帐簿
  • The young man bowed his head and bent over his ledger again.那个年轻人点头应诺,然后又埋头写起分类帐。
  • She is a real accountant who even keeps a detailed household ledger.她不愧是搞财务的,家庭分类账记得清楚详细。
2 debit
n.借方,借项,记人借方的款项
  • To whom shall I debit this sum?此款应记入谁的账户的借方?
  • We undercharge Mr.Smith and have to send him a debit note for the extra amount.我们少收了史密斯先生的钱,只得给他寄去一张借条所要欠款。
3 quotation
n.引文,引语,语录;报价,牌价,行情
  • He finished his speech with a quotation from Shakespeare.他讲话结束时引用了莎士比亚的语录。
  • The quotation is omitted here.此处引文从略。
4 athletic
adj.擅长运动的,强健的;活跃的,体格健壮的
  • This area has been marked off for athletic practice.这块地方被划出来供体育训练之用。
  • He is an athletic star.他是一个运动明星。
5 automobile
n.汽车,机动车
  • He is repairing the brake lever of an automobile.他正在修理汽车的刹车杆。
  • The automobile slowed down to go around the curves in the road.汽车在路上转弯时放慢了速度。
6 detailed
adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的
  • He had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。
  • A detailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。
7 kindly
adj.和蔼的,温和的,爽快的;adv.温和地,亲切地
  • Her neighbours spoke of her as kindly and hospitable.她的邻居都说她和蔼可亲、热情好客。
  • A shadow passed over the kindly face of the old woman.一道阴影掠过老太太慈祥的面孔。
8 captioned
a.标题项下的; 标题所说的
  • This paper reviews the production, development and nationalization of the captioned materials. 本文就铜系合金引线框架材料的生产、发展和国产化进程作一论述。
  • Please advise other considerable hotels for this captioned group. 请推荐其它一些高级的旅馆给这一群打标语的人。
9 countersigned
v.连署,副署,会签 (文件)( countersign的过去式 )
  • "Behold your papers, Jarvis Lorry, countersigned." “看看你们的证件吧!贾维斯 - 罗瑞,已经签过字了。” 来自英汉文学 - 双城记
  • The payment has to countersigned by the mortgagor. 该付款必须有抵押人的会签。 来自口语例句
10 accruing
v.增加( accrue的现在分词 );(通过自然增长)产生;获得;(使钱款、债务)积累
  • economic benefits accruing to the country from tourism 旅游业为该国带来的经济效益
  • The accruing on a security since the previous coupon date. 指证券自上次付息日以来所累积的利息。 来自互联网
11 inquiry
n.打听,询问,调查,查问
  • Many parents have been pressing for an inquiry into the problem.许多家长迫切要求调查这个问题。
  • The field of inquiry has narrowed down to five persons.调查的范围已经缩小到只剩5个人了。
12 fixed
adj.固定的,不变的,准备好的;(计算机)固定的
  • Have you two fixed on a date for the wedding yet?你们俩选定婚期了吗?
  • Once the aim is fixed,we should not change it arbitrarily.目标一旦确定,我们就不应该随意改变。
13 applicants
申请人,求职人( applicant的名词复数 )
  • There were over 500 applicants for the job. 有500多人申请这份工作。
  • He was impressed by the high calibre of applicants for the job. 求职人员出色的能力给他留下了深刻印象。
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abovesaid
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