时间:2018-12-12 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   二、 翻译批评的原则


  正如从事翻译实践必须遵循一定的翻译原则一样,翻译批评同样必须按照一定的原则进行。不过, 从翻译批评的历史和现状来看,我们至今还没有、实际上也不可能有一个公认的统一标准。究其原因是多方面的。首先,就指导翻译实践的原则而言,我们已经有着多种翻译标准的存在:以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则(the author-and-reader-oriented translation principle)、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则(the source-language-oriented or the target-language-oriented translation principle);以美学为取向的翻译原则(the aesthetic-oriented translation principle);以社会符号学为取向的原则(the sociosemiotic-oriented translation principle)。不同的翻译标准对译者、翻译过程和结果影响极大。其次,翻译批评原则的确立和选择往往是因人而异,因时空条件而异,因原作的体裁和内容而异。所谓因人而异,主要是指不同的翻译批评者在确立翻译批评原则时往往带有一定的个人主观色彩;所谓因时空条件而异,主要是指不同的历史时期和不同的社会因素(如政治、文化政策、读者、市场需求等)对翻译标准和翻译批评标准的确立有着不同的要求;所谓因原作的体裁和内容而异,则是指所译作品因体裁、题材的不同而对翻译批评标准的选择不一。例如文学家批评翻译作品时往往自觉或不自觉地遵循以美学为取向的翻译批评原则,而传播学家则往往自觉或不自觉地遵循以读者为取向的翻译批评原则;再如有人批评文学译作时可能多遵循以美学为取向的原则,批评科技译作时多遵循以原作为取向的原则,批评商贸译作时多遵循以读者为取向的原则;还如"五·四"时期的翻译批评原则就与21世纪初的翻译批评原则不完全一样。下面一例选自舒启全批评张振玉所译林语堂先生英文小说《Moment in Peking》:
  "原著内容之丰富,确实堪称近、现代中国的百科全书。贯穿全书内容的作者对民主、改革、爱国的思想在蒙上一层庄子哲学的神秘、梦幻,命运论的色彩。这就要求译者不仅应是"近代中国通",而且还应是"古代中国通".不但要能对现代汉语和白话文运用自如而且还要能精通活用古代汉语和文言文。张教授译林博士的这部宏篇巨著,确实"门当户对",不仅译文忠实地再现了原著的思想内容,而且译得色调鲜明,形象入微,活灵活现,传神入化。在下略举几例,管中窥豹,可见一斑。
  The ignorant old woman who ruled for the entire last half of the nineteenth century did more than any other single person to hold back China's progress. Without her the progressive Emperor Kuanghsu would certainly have gone on with his reforms. To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid.
  那个愚蠢无知的老太婆统治了十九世纪的后五十年,使中国不能进步,她可算功劳第一。若没有她,锐意求进的光绪皇帝,一定会进行他的维新大计。光绪皇帝,象个剪去翅膀的苍鹰,一直对他这位大权在握的了老伯母必恭必敬,百依百顺。愚而妄,其为祸害则加倍的强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手,则愚蠢倍增。
  ignorant修饰慈禧太后,译成"愚蠢无知",progressive修饰光绪皇帝,译成'锐意求进',reforms译成'维新大计',真是达意移情! did more than any other single person to hold back China's progress译成'使中国不能进步,她可算功劳第一',再现了原著幽默的风格。 ignorance added to a strong character译成'愚而妄',was double curse译成'其为祸害则加倍的强烈',stupidity joining hands with stubbornness译成'愚蠢再与刚愎携手',was twice stupid译成'则愚蠢倍增',不仅言简意赅,而且句式对仗,读起来上口,听起来入耳,增强了译作的感染力".(舒启全:"貌似神合 惟妙惟肖——评张振玉译《京华风云》",《中国翻译》,1989年第2期)
  毋庸置疑,舒启全所遵循的翻译批评原则是"以作者和读者为取向的翻译原则",即译作必须在思想内容和文体风格上忠实于原文,在表达上明白晓畅,符合译入语的语法和习惯表达方式。在这一原则的指导下,舒启全通过分析典型实例来批评张振玉的译文,所给评价全是正面的。这种批评无疑是为欣赏而作的翻译批评,意在立为范文,为翻译界同行或初学者视为楷模而学之。
  以下一例选自王应云对武光建所译英国著名作家Goldsmith的小说"The Story of Vicar"的批评:
  If the cakes at tea ate short and crisp, they were made by Olivia; if the gooseberry wine was well knit, the gooseberries were of her hathering; it was her fingers which gave the pickles 1 their peculiar 2 green; and in composition of pudding it was her judgment 3 that mixed the ingredients.
  例如进茶点的时候,点心又酥又脆,他就说是奥维雅作的,果子酒味好,说是奥维雅亲手摘的果子,酸果颜色鲜绿,那是奥维雅手段好,甜糕制得好,是奥维雅把材料配合得好。
  这两个长句开始连用了两个"if"从句,接着用了两个强调句,翻译时译者并不如法炮制,而是通过一'改'一'加', 把另外两个句子都改成条件句来译,再分别加上'就说'、'说是'、'那是'及'是'就将原句译得活活泼泼,威太太数数落落千方百计夸奖闺女讨好百且尔乡绅的情景便如见其人,如闻其声了。"(王应云:"文境清真 句饶神韵-评《威克菲牧师传》中译本的艺术风格和语言特色"《中国翻译》1989年第4期)
  这例翻译批评所遵循的是以美学为取向的翻译原则。批评者王应云将更多的注意力放在《威克菲牧师传》中译本的艺术风格和语言特色上。通过对这一实例的细致分析,以赞赏性的语言充分肯定了中译本的成功之处。其意同样是在昭示翻译界同行或初学者应该学习这种译文。

1 pickles
n.腌菜( pickle的名词复数 );处于困境;遇到麻烦;菜酱
  • Most people eat pickles at breakfast. 大多数人早餐吃腌菜。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • I want their pickles and wines, and that.' 我要他们的泡菜、美酒和所有其他东西。” 来自英汉文学 - 金银岛
2 peculiar
adj.古怪的,异常的;特殊的,特有的
  • He walks in a peculiar fashion.他走路的样子很奇特。
  • He looked at me with a very peculiar expression.他用一种很奇怪的表情看着我。
3 judgment
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
标签: 翻译 笔记
学英语单词
agonizing reappraisal
ambipositions
Armstrong, Neil Alden
Asserculinia
autoionizational
biwensis
blue dogwood
brass-rule
budgeree
calcium sulphite
Canapi
checkerboard acreage
cinex strip
coherent detection
colo(u)r former
common pathway
compatible peripheral device
composite lattice
continued growth of embryo and seed
cylinder bar
derandomizes
diagram of curves
displacement ferroelectrics
dohle's disease
elect-bob-ril
equipment modification
exploding
fat graft
fire and rescue party
fitchett
flowering raspberry
genus Periophthalmus
GMP and QC of Drug
Herter, Christian Archibald
hip roofs
Hkedaung
Holy Innocents' Day
hutchie
hydris
hypertrophic rosaceas
illicium rhodantha hance
information flowrate
initial vulcanization step
input interrupt indicator
intellectural responsibility block
irish dances (ireland)
Krzynowłoga Mała
lending and borrowing
link motions
loaded organic phase
lock-in circuit
locus of problem
logarithmic sine
magneto-optic disk
material labo(u)r
Mendel's second law
middle density polyethylene
modal
Nampyong
navigating photography
nervi petrosus superficialis major
open feeder
optical constant
oratios
peafowl
phantom load
pidonia formosana
piecework wages
princeps
prison-breaking
pulse-inserting circuit
punch-through diode
Pyatts
random sample of size n
rate-of-fuel-flow indicator
rated wind pressure
redness of the skin or complexion
relieve valve
restie
salt hardening
salvia divinorums
satellite teaching
serviceable tool
shifting fork
Shtǔrkovo
Sir James Paul McCartney
solar daily variation
spawners
spindle trees
stock transfre
stop up
swartheld
tm (tone modulation)
tonsilla intestinalis
trading data
transient process
trinka
vocal tactile fremitus
wave one's hand
wrapstring
wuss, wussy
Yaou