大学英语自学教程上UNIT9

[00:04.41]Learned Words and Popular Words
[00:07.04]书卷词语和普通词语
[00:09.67]In every cultivated language there are two
[00:12.34]每一门经过陶冶的语言都有两大类词，
[00:15.02]great classes of words which,taken together, make up the whole vocabulary.
[00:19.15]它们一起构成了这门语言的总词汇。
[00:23.28]First there are those words
[00:25.46]首先，
[00:27.64]with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation
[00:30.42]有类我们通过日常谈话熟悉的词，
[00:33.20]which we learn, that is to say,
[00:35.54]就是说，
[00:37.88]from the members of our own family
[00:40.15]我们从家人，朋友那里学来的，
[00:42.42]and from our friends,and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
[00:46.85]即使我们是文盲也知道和使用的词。
[00:51.28]They concern the common things of life,
[00:53.92]这类词涉及日常生活
[00:56.56]and are the stock in trade of all who speak the language.
[00:59.89]是所有使用此语言的人的常备词汇。
[01:03.22]Such words may be called "popular,"
[01:05.65]这样的词可称为“普通词语”，因为它们属于普通大众，而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。
[01:08.08]since they belong to the people at large
[01:10.50]因为它们属于普通大众，
[01:12.93]and are not the possession of a limited class only.
[01:15.90]而并非某一有限阶层人们专有。
[01:18.86]On the other hand, our language includes a large number of words
[01:22.44]另一方面，我们的语言包括了大量
[01:26.02]which are relatively 1 seldom used in ordinary conversation.
[01:29.05]在日常谈话中相对地使用较少的词。
[01:32.08]Their meanings are known to every educated person,
[01:34.92]这些词的意思为每个受过教育的人所知，
[01:37.75]but there is little occasion to use them at home.
[01:40.53]但在家里几乎没有机会使用这些词。
[01:43.31]Our first acquaintance with them
[01:45.59]我们不是
[01:47.86]comes not from our mother's lips or from the talk of our classmates,
[01:51.29]从母亲的嘴里或从同班同学的谈话中，
[01:54.73]but from books that we read, lectures that we hear,
[01:57.55]而是从我们所读的书所听的讲座，
[02:00.37]or the more formal conversation of highly educated speakers
[02:03.70]或从受过高深教育的讲话者较正式谈话中，
[02:07.03]who are discussing some particular topic in an elevated style.
[02:10.46]他们用庄重的文体谈论一些特定的话题时，
[02:13.88]Such words are called "learned",
[02:16.52]首次了解到这些词的。
[02:19.15]and the difference between them and "popular" words
[02:22.03]这些词被称为书卷词语，
[02:24.90]is of great importance to a right understanding of language.
[02:28.23]认识书卷词语与普通词语之间的差别对正确理解语言是至关重要的。
[02:31.56]The difference between popular and learned words
[02:33.99]我们可以通过几个例子
[02:36.42]may be easily seen in a few examples.
[02:39.26]清楚地看到这两类词的差别。
[02:42.09]We may describe a girl as "lively" or as "vivacious 2."
[02:45.47]描写一个女孩活泼，我们可用“lively”或“vivacious”。
[02:48.86]In the first case,
[02:50.63]前一种情况
[02:52.41] we are using a native English word formed from the familiar noun life.
[02:56.54]我们用了一个由常见名词“life”转换而来的地道的英语词。
[03:00.66]In the latter,
[03:02.14]后一种情况,
[03:03.61]we are using a Latin derivative 3 which has exactly the same meaning
[03:06.85]我们用了一个意义完全相同的拉丁语派生词.
[03:10.09]Yet the atmosphere of the two words is quite different.
[03:13.33]但这两个词的色彩相支甚远。
[03:16.57] No one ever got the adjective lively out of a book.
[03:19.75]从来没有人最初是由书上学到“lively”这个形容词的，
[03:22.92]It is a part of everybody's vocabulary.
[03:25.51]这个词不达意是在众词汇的一部分。
[03:28.09]We cannot remember a time when we did not know it,
[03:30.76]我们不记得有不知道这个词的时候，
[03:33.42]and we feel sure that we learned it long before we were able to read.
[03:37.10]而且肯定在会读书前很久我们就已经认识它了。
[03:40.79]On the other hand,
[03:42.55]另一方面，
[03:44.31] we must have passed several years of our lives before learning the word vivacious.
[03:47.80]我们可能过了好几年才学到“vivacious”这个词
[03:51.29]We may even remember the first time that we saw it in print or heard it from some grown-up friend. [03:55.86]我们甚至可能还记得，第一次在书上看到它或从一些成年朋友那儿听到它。
[04:00.43]Both lively and vivacious are good English words,
[04:03.37]“lively”和“vivacious”都是很好的英语词，
[04:06.31]but lively is popular and vivacious is learned.
[04:09.43]但“lively”大众化而“vivacious”则带有书卷气。
[04:12.55]The terms"popular"and"learned,"as applied 4 to words,
[04:15.83]当用于词汇分类时，“普通的”和“书卷的”
[04:19.11]are not absolute definitions[04:21.79]这两个术语的定义不是绝对的。
[04:24.46]No two persons have the same stock of words,
[04:27.39]任何两个人掌握的词汇都不一样，
[04:30.32]and the same word may be"popular"in one man's vocabulary
[04:33.35]同一个词在某人的词汇里可能是“普通的”,
[04:36.38]and"learned'in another's
[04:38.61]而在另一个人的词汇里则是"书卷的".
[04:40.84]There are also different grades of "popularity."
[04:43.47]而且"普通"也有不同的等级。
[04:46.09]Still, the classification into "learned" and "popular" is convenient and sound.
[04:50.43]然而，把词汇分成“书卷的”和“普通的”还是方便和合理的。
[04:54.77]Different opinions may come up as to the classification of any particular word,
[04:58.89]人们也许在对某一特定词分类上会有分歧意见，
[05:03.02]but there can be no difference of opinion about the general principle.
[05:06.26]但对总原则则无异议。
[05:09.50]We must be careful, however, to avoid misconception.
[05:12.88]可我们依然要小心避免概念混淆。
[05:16.26]When we call a word "popular,"
[05:18.45]当我们说一个词属于"普通的"时,
[05:20.63]we do not mean that it is a favorite word,
[05:23.21]并不意味着人们喜爱它,
[05:25.80]but simply that it belongs to the people as a whole
[05:28.83]而只不过昌它属于所有的人,
[05:31.86]that is,it is everybody's wordnot the possession of a limited number.
[05:35.83]即它是大众的词汇,而并非有限人们所独有.
[05:39.80]When we call a word"learned"we do not mean
[05:42.88]当我们称某一词是“书卷的”时，
[05:45.97]that it is used by learned persons alone
[05:48.64]不是指仅仅有学问的人才用，
[05:51.32]but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books
[05:54.95]而是它在英语词汇中存在是由于
[05:58.58]and the cultivation 5 of litera ture
[06:00.92]书籍和文学的陶冶，
[06:03.26]rather than to the actual needs of ordinary conversation
[06:06.34]而不是日常谈话的实际需要。
[06:09.42]TextB
[06:12.17]How Should You Build Up Your Vocabulary?
[06:14.15]如何增加你的词汇量？
[06:16.14]Through Context
[06:17.72]通过上下文
[06:19.30]When students in a college class were asked what should be done
[06:22.03]当某班大学生被问到
[06:24.76]when they came across a new word in their reading,84 percent said,
[06:27.84]在阅读中碰到一个生词怎么办时，84%的人说
[06:30.92]"Look it up in the dictionary."
[06:32.61]“查字典”。
[06:34.29]If you do, however, you interrupt the very mental processes
[06:37.22]但是，如果你这样做，你就打断了思维过程，
[06:40.14]needed to make your efforts most productive
[06:42.43]而这一思维过程能使你的努力最有成效。
[06:44.72]But there's another reason.
[06:46.24]但是还另一个原因。
[06:47.77]Suppose someone asks you what the word "fast" means.
[06:50.50]试想有人问你“fast”的意思，
[06:53.23]You answer, "swift."
[06:55.15]你回答说“快速的”。
[06:57.07]But does it mean that in such contexts as"fast color,
[06:59.71]但在“ fast color”，“
[07:02.35]"fast woman,"or"fast friend"
[07:04.42]“fast women”或“fast friend”这样一些上下文中它还是这个意思吗？
[07:06.50]And if a horse is fast,
[07:08.23]如果说一匹马“fast”
[07:09.95]is it securely tied or running at top speed? It could be either.
[07:13.19]是指它拴得牢，还是它跑得飞快？
[07:16.43]It all depends.
[07:17.90]两者可能都行，只能视情况而定
[07:19.38]On the dictionary?
[07:20.82]这取决于词典吗？
[07:22.25]No, on contexton how the word is actually used.
[07:25.37]不，取决于上下文——即这个词实际上是怎样使用的。
[07:28.50]After all there are over twenty different meanings for "fast" in the dictionary.
[07:32.08]毕竟在词典中“fast”有20多种不同的意思。
[07:35.65]But the dictionary doesn't tell you which meaning is intended.
[07:38.14]但词典不会告诉你用的是哪意思。
[07:40.62]That's why it makes such good sense to begin with context. [07:43.19]这就是为什么 我们有充分理由要从上下文开始。
[07:45.76]Through Word Parts        Now for the next step.
[07:48.19]通过构词    现在我们看下一步。
[07:50.62]Often new words contain one or more parts, which,
[07:53.26]通常新单词包含有一个或更多的部分，
[07:55.90]if recognized, provide specific help with meaning.
[07:58.54]而如果你能认识这些部分，那么对理解单词的意义就特别有帮助。
[08:01.18]Suppose you read that someone "had a preference for reading travel books."
[08:04.26]假设你读到某人对阅读游记有“preference”，
[08:07.34]The context certainly isn't too helpful.
[08:09.56]这时上下文当然帮助不大。
[08:11.78]But do you see a prefix 6, suffix 7, or root that you know[08:14.72]但你是否看到你认识的前缀、后缀或词根了？
[08:17.66]Well, there's the familiar prefix pre-, meaning "before."
[08:21.08]哦，有一个你熟悉的前缀“pre-”，意即当前”
[08:24.50]Look back at the context and try inserting "before."
[08:27.34]回过来看上下文，并试着把“在前”嵌入。
[08:30.17]Reading travel books apparently 8 comes "before" other kinds of reading.
[08:33.59]显然阅读游记“优先”于其他种类的读物。
[08:37.02]Yes, a preference is something put "before" something else.
[08:40.40]于是“prefer-ence”就是可优于别的事之间考虑的事情。
[08:43.78]Your second step, then, is to look for familiar word parts.
[08:46.67]所以你的第二步，就是找熟悉的部分。
[08:49.55]If they do not give you exact meanings,
[08:51.47]假如它们没能给出准确的意思，
[08:53.39]they should at least bring you much closer.
[08:55.37]至少也会使你把意思靠得更近。
[08:57.34]Now you-can see why you should consult the dictionary last,not first.
[09:00.58]现在你明白为什么要最后而不是最先查词典了吧。
[09:03.82]You've looked carefully at context.
[09:06.10]你已经仔细注意到了上下文，
[09:08.39]You've looked for familiar word parts.
[09:10.36]找了词的熟悉部分。
[09:12.33]Now you play Sherlock play Sherlock Holmes--an exalting 9 role.
[09:14.92]现在你扮演夏洛克。福尔摩斯吧——一个很刺激的角色。
[09:17.51]You guess. What exactly does that strange word mean?
[09:20.38]你猜词吧。词准确的意思是什么？
[09:23.25]Only when you go through the mental exercises
[09:25.47]只有当你经过一番脑力活动，
[09:27.69]to come up with a tentative definition
[09:29.68]得了一个推测性的定义后，
[09:31.66]should you open the dictionary to see if you're right.
[09:33.84]才应该打开词典来看你正确与否。
[09:36.03]After all, those first two steps or approaches
[09:38.61]毕竟，这开始的两步或两种办法
[09:41.20]spark a stronger than usual interest in that dictionary definition.
[09:44.12]激发了你比通常更强烈的对词典定义的兴趣。
[09:47.05]You're now person ally involved.
[09:48.88]现在你亲身投入了。
[09:50.71]Did you find out the word meaning?
[09:52.44]找到词义了吗？
[09:54.18]Your heightened interest will lead to better memory of both word and meaning.
[09:57.42]你兴趣的提高会使你对单词和词义记忆更深，
[10:00.66]It also encourages your development
[10:02.63]还会激励你养成这一习惯，
[10:04.60]of the habits needed to speed your progress.
[10:07.03]以加快你的进步。
[10:09.46]And when you see in black and white the definition you had expected,
[10:12.28]而当你在白纸黑字中发现了你所期待的定义时，
[10:15.11]what a feeling of success is yours.
[10:17.39]那该是一种怎样的成功喜悦啊！
[10:19.68]In that way, the CPD,Formula provides you with maximum effectiveness.
[10:23.61]CPD公式将以这样的方式使你取得最大的效果。
[10:27.54]Well, there it is, your new formula--Context, Parts, Dictionary.
[10:31.42]对了，你的新公式CPD—— Context（上下文）、Parts（构词部分）和Dictionary（词典）。
[10:35.30]Use it! The exercises which follow will give you specific,
[10:38.42]用这个公式吧，下面的练习会给你具体的、
[10:41.54]step-by-step help in sharpening your awareness 10 of contextual clues,
[10:44.92]循序渐进的帮助，使你敏锐察觉到上一文线索，
[10:48.31]learning the most useful word parts,
[10:50.59]学习到最有用的构词部分，
[10:52.88]and using the dictionary with increased accuracy and ease
[10:55.86]更准确自如地使用词典。
[10:58.83]The results will be like money in the bank.
[11:01.20]其结果好比是你在银行有了一笔存款。