时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   英汉两种语言均有一个共同的特点:表达某些概念既可运用概略化的手法,也可采用具体化的方式。但就某一概念的表达而言,英语可能采用概略化的表达方式,而汉语却采用具体化的表达方式;或英语采用具体化的表达方式,而汉语采用概略化的表达方式。由于英汉两种语言在这个问题上的差异,翻译时常常有必要将英语具体化的表达方式转换成汉语概略化的表达方式,或是将英语概略化的表达方式转换成汉语具体化的表达方式,使译文既不违背原意又能畅达可读。


  一、 概略化
  概略化(generalization)是指采用虚化的方式来翻译原文较为具体化的表达方式。英语中常出现一些字面意义比较明确、具体、实在或形象的词句,但从上下文所表述的精神实质来看,作者的真正意图有时并不强调这些词句所表示的具体事物或概念,而是着意于一些概括性的、泛指的或一般性的事理。譬如用deadlock 1 (打不开的锁)来指"僵局",用circulation desk (流通桌子)来只指"借阅处".在这种情况下,译者可以反其字面意义,从汉语中选择含义抽象、概括或笼统的译词加以表达。这种概略化的译法更加符合事理的逻辑和汉语的表意习惯,更能给读者一个完整的印象。一般说来,概略化的译法可分为以下两种情况:
  A. 具体词义概略化。原文中某些字面意义明确具体的词语,采用汉语中含义抽象、概括的词语来表达。例如:
  (1) The United States is often depicted 2 as a nation that has been devouring 3 the world's mineral resources.人们常把美国说成是一个挥霍世界矿物资源的国家。(devour原义为"吞食")
  (2) A single thermonuclear bomb today has the destructive force of all the bombs and other explosives of World War II.今天,一枚热核弹头的杀伤力就相当于二次大战中全部炮火的总和。(bomb和explosive的原义分别为"炸弹"和"炸药")
  (3) Monday-morning quarterbacking about Israel's lack of preparedness for the October war plunged 4 the country into a new political crisis last week.人们在事后指责以色列在十月战争中缺乏准备。上周,这种指责将以色列推入了一场新的政治危机。(Monday-morning quarterbacking如用具体化处理就是"星期一上午的四分后卫")
  (4) For generations coal and oil have been regarded as the chief energy sources used to transport men form place to place.几十年来,煤和石油一直被认为是交通运输的重要能源。(transport…place概略化译出)
  B. 具体概念概略化。原文中某些字面意义比较实在或形象的词组或短语等改译成汉语中比较概括或笼统的说法。例如:
  (1)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. 在现代世界上,盐除了供食用外,还有许多其他用途。(dining table原文为"饭桌")
  (2) Pregnant women and women breast-feeding their children may need vitamins.孕妇和哺乳期的妇女可能需要维生素。(breast…children原义为"给自己的孩子喂奶")
  (3) ATGMs alone cannot be expected to bear the burden of the MBT threat. 不能单单指望反坦克导弹来对付主战坦克的威胁。(bear……of原义为"承受……的重担")
  (4) The scene is a dramatic reenactment of one among thousands of spontaneous that led up to the revolution. 这个非同寻常的事件,只不过是最终导致革命的千万个自发行动之一。(dramatic reenactment如具体化翻译就是"戏剧的再现")
  (5) Cyrus Vance has always been a clean-desk man, so it did not take him long to prepare to leave Washington. 万斯办事向来有条不紊, 因此, 他并没花大量的时间就作好了离开华盛顿的准备。
  (6)Don't worry about it, for the project is on the fire.别担心,他们正在审议这个计划呢。

n.僵局,僵持
  • The negotiations reached a deadlock after two hours.两小时后,谈判陷入了僵局。
  • The employers and strikers are at a deadlock over the wage.雇主和罢工者在工资问题上相持不下。
描绘,描画( depict的过去式和过去分词 ); 描述
  • Other animals were depicted on the periphery of the group. 其他动物在群像的外围加以修饰。
  • They depicted the thrilling situation to us in great detail. 他们向我们详细地描述了那激动人心的场面。
吞没( devour的现在分词 ); 耗尽; 津津有味地看; 狼吞虎咽地吃光
  • The hungry boy was devouring his dinner. 那饥饿的孩子狼吞虎咽地吃饭。
  • He is devouring novel after novel. 他一味贪看小说。
v.颠簸( plunge的过去式和过去分词 );暴跌;骤降;突降
  • The train derailed and plunged into the river. 火车脱轨栽进了河里。
  • She lost her balance and plunged 100 feet to her death. 她没有站稳,从100英尺的高处跌下摔死了。
标签: 翻译 笔记
学英语单词
a lifetime
acetylenelamp
Adiantum flabellulatum L.
after-the-fact approval
allothogene
alternate device
armours
ascl
auxiliary ignition system
babyproofer
ballast plants
BCSH
bevelling plane
bildge
bipolar coding with zero suppression
break through
centrifugal filtering
chinchy
choke-input
chromoshadow
clobetasone
coagmentation
coinage
colobus
design of service offered
diemictylus viridescens
diereses
donnedieu
earth auger truck
eco-homes
electronic privacy (e-privacy)
evolutionary approach
fallan
flavo-nigral
flocker
Fulica atra
Gambian
gas in place
grid-cathode diode
guanidiums
helicopter forbidden region
hematogenous theory of endometriosis
ICRA
jimmied
knee cutter
lightweight refractory
macrochannel
mansworn
mass percentage
maxtons
metaphilosopher
metasomatic relict texture
microplastic yielding
military cable splicing attenuation
mount carmels
mouse fibroblast 3T3
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Naples biscuit
Nassau Vill.
navigationally
negative sequence short circuit current
non-proportionality
nucleus interpeduncularis
opacifiers
ozone concentration
pollution nuisance
pseudoobstructions
pulsed frequency modulated carrier
resorantel
scheduling of shifts
Schnaitsee
shoulder height
somatologic
spheruloid
spray-type evaporator
St-Hostien
stabilidyne receiver
sterilized water for injection
stop repeating signal
street certificate
synchronous satellite system
syntholube
t.a.t.u
take stick
tausha
tchakarov
terrestrial satellite service
tetronothiodin
Thames Rowing Club
the brain drain
thomas cook&sons
toothpicker
traveling portable jib crane
Trinitytide
undervoltage/overvoltage
unilateral strabismus
unreliability
verek
vesselform tracheid
waitlists
Wildalpen
yipping