时间:2019-01-08 作者:英语课 分类:北外翻译笔记


英语课

   按照动作的执行者是有生命的还是无生命的这一标准,英语和汉语的动词均可分为有灵动词和无灵动词。前者用在表示有生命的名词后,后者用在表示无生命的名词后。含有灵动词的句子称作有生命主语句,含无灵动词的句子称作无生命主语句。英语和汉语在有灵动词和无灵动词上的差别是:有灵动词与无灵动词在英语中无有明确的区别,即一个动词常常是既可用作有灵动词、又可用作无灵动词;而在汉语中这两类动词之间却有明确的区别,即一个用作有灵动词的动词不能同时用作无灵动词。例如:


  (1) One reliable source said that major tax changes were being considered by the Treasury 1. 据可靠消息,财政部正在考虑对税收办法作重大改革。
  (2) John said that he would come this evening.约翰说他今晚来。
  上述两例中的said 分别与表示无生命的事物的 one reliable source 和表示有生命的John搭配。前句是无生命主语句,后者是有生命主语句。动词 say在前一例中用作无灵动词,在后一例中用作有灵动词。而汉语中与say相对应的动词是"说",它只能作有灵动词。如改作无灵动词,则很不符合汉语的表达习惯。英译汉时一是要弄清英语无生命主语句特点,二是对原句的结构和搭配必须作出相应的调整。
  一、英语无生命主语句特点
  从充当句子主语的词语来看,英语无生命主语句大致有下列几种类型:
  A. 以时间、地点等名词做主语的句子:
  (1) 1949 saw the founding of the People's Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。
  (2) The minutes slipped by quickly.时间一分钟一分钟地溜过去了。
  (3) Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马城发生过许多伟大历史性事件。
  B. 表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词做主语:
  (1)His illness prevented him from attending the conference.他因病未能参加会议。
  (2)Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh.这位曾使全世界发出笑声的人自己却饱受辛酸。
  (3)Astonishment, apprehension 2, and even horror oppressed her.她感到心情抑郁,甚至惊恐不安。
  C. 具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语:
  (1)The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.一见到它, 我就感到紧张。
  (2)The shortest cut would take us five hours to get there.抄近路也要5 小时才能到那里。
  (3)That night sleep eluded 3 him.那天夜里他没睡好。
  (4)The fresh sunlit January morning filled the young teacher with happy thought. 一月的早晨清新晴朗,令年轻教师心中充满了愉快的感想。
  D. 其他类型:
  (1)The matter asks immediate 4 attention.这件事需要立即予以注意。
  (2)Well, Colonel Fitzwilliam, what do I play next? My fingers wait your orders.噢,菲兹威廉上校,接着弹个什么曲子?我在听您吩咐呢。
  (3)Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.她的心里的确嘀咕:为了我,他才这么做的。
  二、 无生命主语句的译法
  翻译英语的无生命主语句时首先要考虑到其特点,吃透原文, 然后用符合汉语表达习惯的主谓搭配形式把原文的意思传达出来。下面就是常用的几种方法:
  A. 改变原句中的主语,即找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语,把无生命主语转换为有生命主语,重组句子。例如:
  (1) The sight of a tailor-shop gave me a sharp longing 5 to shed my rags, and to clothe myself decently once more.我一看到一家服装店, 心里就起了一阵强烈的愿望, 很想扔掉这身褴褛的衣服,重新穿得象个样子。
  (2) Anger choked his words. 他气得话也说不出来。
  (3) His weariness and the increasing heat determined 6 him to sit down in the first convenient shade. 他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越热。 他于是下了决心, 一碰到舒适的阴凉处,就坐下休息。
  (4) Her eyes tell me that something must have happened.我从她的眼中看出一定有什么事发生了。

n.宝库;国库,金库;文库
  • The Treasury was opposed in principle to the proposals.财政部原则上反对这些提案。
  • This book is a treasury of useful information.这本书是有价值的信息宝库。
n.理解,领悟;逮捕,拘捕;忧虑
  • There were still areas of doubt and her apprehension grew.有些地方仍然存疑,于是她越来越担心。
  • She is a girl of weak apprehension.她是一个理解力很差的女孩。
v.(尤指机敏地)避开( elude的过去式和过去分词 );逃避;躲避;使达不到
  • The sly fox nimbly eluded the dogs. 那只狡猾的狐狸灵活地躲避开那群狗。 来自《现代汉英综合大词典》
  • The criminal eluded the police. 那个罪犯甩掉了警察的追捕。 来自《现代英汉综合大词典》
adj.立即的;直接的,最接近的;紧靠的
  • His immediate neighbours felt it their duty to call.他的近邻认为他们有责任去拜访。
  • We declared ourselves for the immediate convocation of the meeting.我们主张立即召开这个会议。
n.(for)渴望
  • Hearing the tune again sent waves of longing through her.再次听到那首曲子使她胸中充满了渴望。
  • His heart burned with longing for revenge.他心中燃烧着急欲复仇的怒火。
adj.坚定的;有决心的
  • I have determined on going to Tibet after graduation.我已决定毕业后去西藏。
  • He determined to view the rooms behind the office.他决定查看一下办公室后面的房间。
标签: 翻译
学英语单词
3-carboxyantipyrine
accident costs
aetosaurs
analytically unramified semilocal ring
angstrom's scale
Ban Pa Daeng
batons sinister
beltway/ Beltway bandit
bilardoes
blind thrust fault
bloody vomit
Bolocephalus saussureoides
Bom Sucesso, Ribeirāo
boundary scan test
clastoderma debaryanum
claw foot
climbing maidenhair fern
color gradients
combat day of supply
consolidated income tax system
constructable
contrail formation
deseasonalizes
DIBOA
Didymocarpus stenocarpus
elephant-hide pahoehoe
emphasis
enterprise registration
entwicklung
epigrammatism
extraordinary disbursement
flopsand
franciso
Gamvik
gardyn
gas-solid reaction
generic flow control
guaiac
gut course
Habenaria humidicola
heavenware
hollow tube
hydrochemicogeography
ince burun
information bandwidth
injection-moulded
Innocent III
intercentral articulation
intermining
ion-exchange process
ionic valve
job classification analyst
Klamath R.
koseki
Kronotskiy Poluostrov
logicizes
lung tumor
machine reel
mathewsons
maximum-modulus theorem
misbefalls
montastrea curta
Naka-umi
on-line aerophotogrammetric triangulation
paraffin oils
phaeo-
plurivalent chromosome
porvoos
pregreasing pump
prewrap
pricing entire product package
pyrotechnic gas generator
radioisotope transmission gage
Rally for the Republic
rami utriculi
schlimazel
Selimiye
semi-strong linear element
sequelitis
sir john rosses
slag-hammer
sodium butylate
St-Jean-du-Gard
standing field
suiboku
temperature hyperbola
terminal switching
thawing water irrigation
theoretical geodesy
throws up
townleys
Tremelleae
trichloro-phenomalic acid
unexploded
United Nations Administrative Tribunal
upper breast
wheedles
with-it
wollard
yellow coneflower
zigzag chain
zoolater