大学英语自学教程下UNIT11
时间：2018-12-04 作者：英语课 分类：大学英语自学教程下
英语课
[00:04.41]Sacrificed to Science?
[00:06.30]为科学牺牲?
[00:08.18]Professor Colin Blakmore works at Oxford University Medical School
[00:11.45] 科林.布莱克默教授在牛津大学医学院工作,
[00:14.73]doing research into eye problems
[00:17.25]从事眼睛疾病的研究.
[00:19.77]and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits.
[00:23.01]他相信动物研究已使人类获益非浅:
[00:26.25]The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics
[00:32.91]vaccines and treatments for diabetes,cancer,developmental disorders...
[00:36.74] 动物利用对于麻醉学,疫苗的发展,糖尿病.癌症,发育紊乱的治疗等极其重要.
[00:40.57]most of the major medical advances
[00:45.43]have been based on a back ground of animal research and development.
[00:48.76]多数重要的医学发展者是以对动物研究和开发的背景为基础的.
[00:52.09]There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary.
[00:54.87] 有些人认为这些实验毫无必要.
[00:57.65]The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals
[01:04.42]is an organiza0tion that promotes the use of alternative methods of research
[01:11.68]which do not make animals suffer.
[01:14.06]因反对动物痛苦实验协会是一个提倡使用不使动物痛苦的研究方法的组织.
[01:16.43]Their spokesman Colin Smith says:
[01:18.86]他们的发言人科林.史密斯说:
[01:21.29]Animal research is irrelevant to our health
[01:23.87] 动物的研究与我们的健康无关,
[01:26.44]and it can often produce misleading results.
[01:29.08]它常常产生令人误入歧途的结果.
[01:31.72]People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs
[01:38.27]and in the way their bodies work.
[01:40.30]人和动物对药物的反应,以及身体运转的方式不同.
[01:42.32]We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
[01:45.76]我们只要看一看一些医学失误就会明白这一点.
[01:49.19]But Professor Blackmore stresses:
[01:51.37] 但布莱克默教授强调:
[01:53.55]It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people
[01:57.28] 在人身上使用没有认真在动物向上实验的药物,
[02:01.00]that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
[02:03.64]是完全不负责任和不合道德的.
[02:06.28]The famous example of Ihalidomide is a case for more animal testing not less.
[02:10.90]萨立多胺就是一个著名的事例,它证明需要更多的动物实验和不是更少的动物实验.
[02:15.52]The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing,
[02:19.61]这种药物引起的先天性畸形是缺乏实验的结果.
[02:23.70]if thalidomide were invented today,
[02:26.02]如果萨立我胺是现在发明的,
[02:28.35]it would never be released for human use
[02:31.01]它就不会被批准为人类使用,
[02:33.68]because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.
[02:36.96]因为在有孕的动物身上的实验会提示其危险.
[02:40.24]Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.
[02:44.21] 另一个开发其他研究办法的组织是FRAME,
[02:48.18]This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments.
[02:52.30]即替代动物医学实验基金会.
[02:56.43]It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals
[03:00.15]他们认识到依然有许多实验不得不在动物身上进行,
[03:03.88]and is aiming for Reduction,Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.
[03:08.41]其目标是在实验中减少使用动物,改良使用动物,甚至代替使用动物.
[03:12.94]In 1981, it established a research programme to improve
[03:20.31]and expand non-animal testing.
[03:22.63]1981年,该基金会设立了一个改进和扩大无动物实验的研究项目.
[03:24.96]Increasingly,new technology is making it easier
[03:31.02]for us to find alternative methods of testing.
[03:35.98]Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work
[03:42.62]and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.
[03:45.74]以前的动物实验数据用来开发一个计算机模型,
[03:48.86]Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model
[03:56.41]which will predict what will happen if you and a chemical
[04:01.97]with an unknown biological effect to a substance.
[04:04.85]它能预测如果一种物质中加入具有未知生物作用的化学药品会发生什么.
[04:07.72]The eventual aim of computer modeling
[04:12.68]is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
[04:15.62]计算机模型的最终目标是减少用于实验的动物数量.
[04:18.56]The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced
[04:22.79]药剂致死剂量50试验(LD50)也可以被代替.
[04:27.02]In the original test,all the animals in a test group are given a substance
[04:33.58]until half of them die.
[04:35.60]在过去的实验中,实验群中所有的动物被喂给一种物质,直到其中一半死亡.
[04:37.63]The test indicates toxicity.
[04:39.75]这个实验表明其毒性.
[04:41.86]A method using a fixed amount,
[04:46.22]which gives the same eventual information
[04:48.80]一种用固定的数量,可以得出同样结论,却用较少动物[04:51.37]but uses fewer animalsand does not require that they die,
[04:57.74]may replace the LD50.
[04:59.92]而不使他们死亡的方法可能代替药剂致死剂量50实验.
[05:02.11]Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research
[05:05.23]现在已有许多其他的技术,可使更多的研究工作在试管中进行,
[05:08.35]to be done in the test tube
[05:12.11]to see if chemicals produce harmfulbiological effects.
[05:15.19]去发现化学药品是否产生有害的生物作用.
[05:18.28]The number of animals used in laboratory testsh
[05:23.92]as declined over the last 20 years.
[05:26.56] 过去的20多年里,实验室内里实验中使用的动物数量已减少了.
[05:29.20]This is partly due to alternatives
[05:31.38]这部分是由于何供选择的办法多了,
[05:33.56]and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed
[05:36.48]部分是由于实验设计得更好,因为使用更健康的动物能产生更好的实验结果,
[05:39.41]so fewer need to be used
[05:41.47]所以用的动物更少了.
[05:43.54]healthier animals provide better experimental results.
[05:46.21]因为使用更健康的动物能产生更好的实验结果,
[05:48.89]For example,it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine
[05:53.07]例如,过去常用36只狮子来实验脊髓类质炎疫苗样品,
[05:57.25]now it takes only 22.
[05:59.59]现在只用22只.
[06:01.93]Also,lack of money has reduced the number of animals used
[06:05.15]缺少资金已使所使用的动物数量减少了
[06:08.38]they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
[06:11.06]---购买和饲养动物都很昂贵.
[06:13.73]Birmingham University now has Britain's first department of Biomedical Ethics.
[06:17.36] 伯明翰大学现在设有英国首家生物医学伦理学系.
[06:21.00]Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research
[06:24.43]系里的大卫.莫顿教授从事动物研究,
[06:27.87]and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
[06:31.34]对尽可能地减少动物的痛苦很关心.
[06:34.81]Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages
[06:37.90]动物们在矮子里度过了它们95%的时间,
[06:40.98]and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests.
[06:45.02]改良也意味着不进行实验时使它们活地更好些.
[06:49.05]This includes keeping them in more suitable cages,
[06:51.62]这包括在更舒适的矮子时喂养他们,
[06:54.20]allowing social animals like dogs to live together
[06:57.08]允许像狗一们的友善的动物和他们生活在一起,
[06:59.97]and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
[07:03.20]尽量减少这些动物可能经历的烦恼.
[07:06.42]In Professor Morton's laboratory,rabbits live together in large runs
[07:09.91] 在莫顿教授的实验里,大批兔子一起生活,
[07:13.40]filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in.
[07:16.43]到处是厚厚的干草和它们可以藏进去的箱子.
[07:19.46]The researchers have also refined some experiments.
[07:22.24]研究者们还改进了一些实验.
[07:25.02]In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration
[07:30.80]involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg,leaving its leg paralyscd.
[07:34.57]在美国神经再生方面的实验要切断一条老鼠腿里的大神经,让它的腿瘫痪.
[07:38.34]In Morton's lab,the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot
[07:41.53]在莫顿的实验室时里,研究者们只切断鼠脚里的一条小神经.
[07:44.72]He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage
[07:48.40]他可以看到神经是否可以再生,而老鼠仍在笼子里四处跑.
[07:52.08]Even with these new developments in research,
[07:54.46]尽管使用了这些研究开发的新成果,
[07:56.84]only a tiny proportion of all tests are donewithout using animals at some stage.
[08:00.81]所有的实验中只有极少部分在某一阶段不使用动物.
[08:04.78]The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately
[08:07.86]在实验中使用的动物就不会立即停止.
[08:10.95]if medical research is to continue
[08:13.43]如果医学研究还要继续,
[08:15.91]and consumer products are to be properly tested,
[08:18.64]消费性产品还要严格地进行检验,
[08:21.37]and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives.
[08:25.16]布莱克默教授相信有时那时无可选择的.
[08:28.94]Wherever possible,for both ethical and scientific reasonswe do not use animals.
[08:33.18] 无论在何处,有可能的话,基于偷和科学的原因,我们不应使用动物做实验.
[08:37.41]But ceils live in animals and we can only really see how they behave
[08:41.53]但细胞生活在动物体内,当它们在动物体内时,我们才能真正看到它们的行为.
[08:45.66]when they are inside animals.
[08:50.10]We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model
[08:56.35]all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease.
[08:59.98]我们不可能在试管里或计算机模型中复制出身体对药物或疾病的所有复杂反应.
[09:03.61]When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body
[09:06.99]当谈到研究心脏病和它对身体的影响,
[09:10.37]or diseases of the brain for example,
[09:12.71]或例如脑类疾病[09:15.05]we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.
[09:18.29]我们没有代替使用动物的合适的替代物.
[09:21.53]As research techniques become more advanced,
[09:24.19]随着研究技术变得更先进,
[09:26.86]the number of animals used in experiments may decrease,
[09:29.78]验中使用的动物数目可能会减少,
[09:32.71]but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
[09:36.80]但完全停止在动物身上实验还有很长的路要走.
[09:40.88]Text B
[09:43.73]Let's Slop Keeping Pets
[09:45.47]让我们停止养宠物
[09:47.21]Pets are lovable,frequently delightful.
[09:49.49] 宠物是可爱的,常常又很讨人喜欢.
[09:51.78]The dog and the cat,the most favored of pets are beautiful,intelligent animals.
[09:55.00]狗和猫---人们最为喜爱的宠物,是漂亮,聪明的动物.
[09:58.23]To assume the care for them
[10:01.60]can help bring out the humanity in our children and even in us.
[10:04.12]承担起照料它们的责任有助于我们的孩子身上甚至在我们自己身上培养人情味.
[10:06.64]A dog or a cat can teach us a lot about human nature;
[10:08.98]一只狗或一只猫能教给我们许多关于人类的本性的东西,
[10:11.32]they are a lot more like us than some might think.
[10:13.34]它们比某些人想象的更像我们人类.
[10:15.37]More than one owner of a dog
[10:19.00]has said that the animal understand severything he says to it.
[10:21.41]不只一个养狗的曾经说过狗理解他对它说的一切话.
[10:23.83]So a mother and father who have ever cared for pets
[10:28.27]are likely to be more patient and understanding with their children as well,
[10:31.00]所以曾经照顾过宠物的父母很可能也会对他们的孩子更有耐心和理解,
[10:33.73]and especially to avoid making negative
[10:37.88]or rude remarks in the presence of a child;no matter how young.
[10:40.61]特别是能避免在孩子面前做否定的和不礼貌的评论,不管他年龄多小.
[10:43.34]It is touching to see how a cat or doge specially a dog
[10:45.72]看到猫或狗---特别是狗---
[10:48.10]attaches itself to a family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.
[10:51.27]对一个家庭是如何地依恋,如何地想要分享家里发生的一切事情,是十分感人的.
[10:54.45]If certain animal psychologists are right
[10:56.48]如果某些动物心理学家是对的,
[10:58.52]a dog adopts his family in a most literal way
[11:03.07]taking it fur granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.n
[11:06.10]狗以最踏实的方式接受它的家庭---理所当然地认为家即是它所属的那一群狗.
[11:09.13]It is sometimes said that the cat "takes all and gives nothing."
[11:11.86] 有时人们说猫"索取一切,什么都不给予".
[11:14.59]But is that really true?
[11:16.17]但那是真的吗?
[11:17.75]A cat can teach us a valuable lesson about how to be contented,
[11:20.32]猫可以给我们上有价值的一课.
[11:22.89]how to be serene and at ease,how to sit and contemplate.
[11:25.87]关于如何满足,如何安详自在,如何静坐沉思,
[11:28.85]Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become sometimes,a bit too much.
[11:32.18]而狗不断地寻求人们的注意,有时太过分了.
[11:35.51]Nevertheless it is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion
[11:41.96]that no cat ever knew.
[11:43.58]尽管如此,狗能教给我们忠诚和献身,这是猫从不知道的.
[11:45.20]So there's plenty to be said in favor of keeping pets.
[11:47.42] 于是有许多说法赞成养宠物.
[11:49.64]But with all that in mind,I still say let's stop keeping pets.
[11:52.72]但尽管心里明白所有这些说法,我依然要说让我们停止养鸡宠物吧.
[11:55.81]Not that a family should kill its pets.
[11:57.74]并不是说一个家庭应该杀死他们的宠物,
[11:59.67]Very few could bring themselves to do that.
[12:01.65]很少有人能使自己做这样的事.
[12:03.62]To be practical,I am suggesting that if we do not no whave a pet
[12:09.39]we should not a quire one;
[12:11.01]实际上,我是在建议如果我们现在没有养宠物,我们就不要弄一个;
[12:12.63]second,that if we now have a pet,we let it be our last one.
[12:15.61]第二,如果我们现在有一只宠物,就让它成为我们的最后一只吧.
[12:18.59]I could never say that pets are bad.
[12:20.47]我永远不会说宠物是有害的.
[12:22.35]I am saying,let's give up this good thing--the ownership of a pet
[12:25.47]我是在说,让我们放弃这个好东西吧---对宠物的拥有权---
[12:28.59]in favor of a more imperative good.
[12:30.51]去支持一个更紧迫的有益的事业吧.
[12:32.43]The purchase,the health care,the feeding and housing and training of a pet
[12:35.51] 购买一只宠物,照顾它的健康,喂养它,给它提供住处,训练它
[12:38.60]and I chiefly mean the larger,longer-lived pets cost time and money.
[12:41.38]---我主要指的是较大的,较长寿命的宠物--花费时间和钱财.
[12:44.16]Depending on the animal's size and activity,it's special tastes and needs,
[12:47.35]根据动物的体型大小,活动,其特殊品和需要,
[12:50.53]and the standard of living we establish for it,
[12:52.66]我们为之建立起生活标准照顾一只宠物的花费
[12:54.79]the care of a pet can cost from a dollar a week to a dollar or more a day[12:57.87]可能从一周一美元到一天一美元或更多.
[13:00.96]I would not for a moment deny it is worth that.
[13:03.03]我从不会否认它的价值.
[13:05.11]But facts outside the walls of our home keep breaking in on our awareness.
[13:07.93] 但是我们房子外面的事实却不断地闯入我们的意识.
[13:10.75]Though we do not see the poverty-suicken people of India
[13:15.61]and Africa and South America,
[13:17.60]虽然我们没看到印度,非洲和南美洲穷困潦倒的人们,
[13:19.58]we can never quite forget that they are there.
[13:21.65]我们决不能完全忘记他们的存在.
[13:23.71]Now and then their faces are shown in the news,
[13:27.94]or in the begging ads of relief organizations.
[13:30.12]他们的面容不时出现在新闻里或救济组织的求援广告里.
[13:32.30]Probably we send a donation whenever we can.
[13:34.52]每次在我们有能力里也送去一份捐助.
[13:36.74]we do not,as a rule,feel a heavy personal responsibility
[13:42.80]for the afflicted and deprivedfor we are pretty thoroughly formed
[13:45.63] 我们通常并不感到对贫穷困苦的人们负有重大的个人责任,
[13:48.45]by the individualistic competitive society we live in.
[13:51.18]因为我们几乎完全是由我们生活于其中的这个个人主义的,竞争的社会所塑造成形的.
[13:53.91]he first dime we ever made was ours to spend in any way we chose.
[13:56.94]我们曾经挣得的第一个10分硬币是自己的,我们可以选择花掉它的任何一种方式.
[13:59.97]No one thought of questioning that.
[14:01.70]没人想到对些提出质疑,
[14:03.44]That attitude,formed before we had learned to think,
[14:05.87]那种态度形成于我们学会思考之前,
[14:08.30]usually prevails through our life: "I made my money.
[14:10.94]通常会贯穿我们的一生:"我挣自己的钱,
[14:13.58]I can spend it any way I like."
[14:15.46]我可以以我喜欢的任何方式花掉它."
[14:17.34]But more and more we are reading that the people of the "Fhird World"
[14:20.07] 但我们越来越多地在阅读中了解到"第三世界"的人们
[14:22.80]feel bitter at us in the developed countries
[14:25.14]怀恨发达国家里的我们
[14:27.47](with the United States far more developed than any of the others)
[14:29.96](美国比其他任何国家发达得多),
[14:32.44]for our seizing hold of two-thirds of the world's wealth and living like kings
[14:35.52]因为我们占有了世界2/3的财富,
[14:38.60]while they work away all day to earn a bare living.
[14:40.94]生活得像国王一们,而他们整天工作以求糊口.
[14:43.28]The money and the time we spend on pets
[14:45.20]我们花在宠物身上的金钱和时间
[14:47.12]is simply not our own to spend as we like
[14:51.27]in a time of widespread want and starvation.
[14:53.45]在广泛渴望帮助和饥饿遍布的时代绝对不是我们可以随心所欲花费的私有物.
[14:55.63]A relief organization advertises that for $33 a month
[15:01.51]they can give hospital care to a child suffering from kwashiorkor
[15:04.29]一个救援组织做广告说,每个月捐33美元就可使一个患恶性营养不良症孩子住院治疗
[15:07.08]the severe deficiency disease which is simply a starving for protein.
[15:10.01]--这是一种仅仅由于缺乏蛋白质而产生的严重营养不良疾病.
[15:12.95]Doing without such a pet,
[15:14.68]不养宠物,
[15:16.40]and then sending the money saved to a relief organization
[15:18.74]然后把节省下来的钱捐给救援组织将意味着挽救一条生命
[15:21.08]would mean saving a life over the years several human lives.
[15:24.20]--几年以后,就能挽救几条生命.
[15:27.32]Children not suffering from such a grave disease
[15:31.58]could be fed with half that amount--
[15:33.32]没有遭受到那种疾病的孩子可以用那个数目(每月33美元)的半数来糊口
[15:35.05]not on a diet like ours,but on plain,basic,life-sustaining food.
[15:38.53]--不是吃我们那们的食物,只是一般的,基本的,维持生命的食物.
[15:42.00]It is not unreasonable
[15:45.16]to believe that the amount of money we spend on the average Pet dog
[15:50.49]could keep a child alivein a region of great poverty.
[15:52.86]相信我们平均花在宠物狗上的钱能够养活一个特别贫穷地区的孩子是不过分的.
[15:55.22]To give what we would spend on a cat might not feed a child,
[15:57.60]拿出我们花在猫身上的钱可能养活不了一个孩子,
[15:59.97]but it would probably pay for his medical care or basic education.
[16:02.70]但可能付清他的医疗费用或基本教育费用.
[16:05.43]The point needs no laboring.
[16:08.80]That is all that need be said.
[16:10.53]这一点无须详述:这就是所有要说的话.
[00:06.30]为科学牺牲?
[00:08.18]Professor Colin Blakmore works at Oxford University Medical School
[00:11.45] 科林.布莱克默教授在牛津大学医学院工作,
[00:14.73]doing research into eye problems
[00:17.25]从事眼睛疾病的研究.
[00:19.77]and believes that animal research has given humans many benefits.
[00:23.01]他相信动物研究已使人类获益非浅:
[00:26.25]The use of animals has been central to the development of anaesthetics
[00:32.91]vaccines and treatments for diabetes,cancer,developmental disorders...
[00:36.74] 动物利用对于麻醉学,疫苗的发展,糖尿病.癌症,发育紊乱的治疗等极其重要.
[00:40.57]most of the major medical advances
[00:45.43]have been based on a back ground of animal research and development.
[00:48.76]多数重要的医学发展者是以对动物研究和开发的背景为基础的.
[00:52.09]There are those who think the tests are simply unnecessary.
[00:54.87] 有些人认为这些实验毫无必要.
[00:57.65]The International Association Against Painful Experiments on Animals
[01:04.42]is an organiza0tion that promotes the use of alternative methods of research
[01:11.68]which do not make animals suffer.
[01:14.06]因反对动物痛苦实验协会是一个提倡使用不使动物痛苦的研究方法的组织.
[01:16.43]Their spokesman Colin Smith says:
[01:18.86]他们的发言人科林.史密斯说:
[01:21.29]Animal research is irrelevant to our health
[01:23.87] 动物的研究与我们的健康无关,
[01:26.44]and it can often produce misleading results.
[01:29.08]它常常产生令人误入歧途的结果.
[01:31.72]People and animals are different in their reactions to drugs
[01:38.27]and in the way their bodies work.
[01:40.30]人和动物对药物的反应,以及身体运转的方式不同.
[01:42.32]We only have to look at some of the medical mistakes to see this is so.
[01:45.76]我们只要看一看一些医学失误就会明白这一点.
[01:49.19]But Professor Blackmore stresses:
[01:51.37] 但布莱克默教授强调:
[01:53.55]It would be completely irresponsible and unethical to use drugs on people
[01:57.28] 在人身上使用没有认真在动物向上实验的药物,
[02:01.00]that had not been thoroughly tested on animals.
[02:03.64]是完全不负责任和不合道德的.
[02:06.28]The famous example of Ihalidomide is a case for more animal testing not less.
[02:10.90]萨立多胺就是一个著名的事例,它证明需要更多的动物实验和不是更少的动物实验.
[02:15.52]The birth defects that the drug produced were a result of inadequate testing,
[02:19.61]这种药物引起的先天性畸形是缺乏实验的结果.
[02:23.70]if thalidomide were invented today,
[02:26.02]如果萨立我胺是现在发明的,
[02:28.35]it would never be released for human use
[02:31.01]它就不会被批准为人类使用,
[02:33.68]because new tests on pregnant animals would reveal the dangers.
[02:36.96]因为在有孕的动物身上的实验会提示其危险.
[02:40.24]Another organization that is developing other methods of research is FRAME.
[02:44.21] 另一个开发其他研究办法的组织是FRAME,
[02:48.18]This is the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments.
[02:52.30]即替代动物医学实验基金会.
[02:56.43]It recognises that many experiments still have to be done on animals
[03:00.15]他们认识到依然有许多实验不得不在动物身上进行,
[03:03.88]and is aiming for Reduction,Refinement and Replacement of animals in experiments.
[03:08.41]其目标是在实验中减少使用动物,改良使用动物,甚至代替使用动物.
[03:12.94]In 1981, it established a research programme to improve
[03:20.31]and expand non-animal testing.
[03:22.63]1981年,该基金会设立了一个改进和扩大无动物实验的研究项目.
[03:24.96]Increasingly,new technology is making it easier
[03:31.02]for us to find alternative methods of testing.
[03:35.98]Computer models can be used to simulate the way that cells work
[03:42.62]and to try to predict the toxicity of chemicals.
[03:45.74]以前的动物实验数据用来开发一个计算机模型,
[03:48.86]Data from previous animal experiments is used to develop a computer model
[03:56.41]which will predict what will happen if you and a chemical
[04:01.97]with an unknown biological effect to a substance.
[04:04.85]它能预测如果一种物质中加入具有未知生物作用的化学药品会发生什么.
[04:07.72]The eventual aim of computer modeling
[04:12.68]is to reduce the number of animals used in experiments.
[04:15.62]计算机模型的最终目标是减少用于实验的动物数量.
[04:18.56]The Lethal Dose 50 test (LD50) may also be replaced
[04:22.79]药剂致死剂量50试验(LD50)也可以被代替.
[04:27.02]In the original test,all the animals in a test group are given a substance
[04:33.58]until half of them die.
[04:35.60]在过去的实验中,实验群中所有的动物被喂给一种物质,直到其中一半死亡.
[04:37.63]The test indicates toxicity.
[04:39.75]这个实验表明其毒性.
[04:41.86]A method using a fixed amount,
[04:46.22]which gives the same eventual information
[04:48.80]一种用固定的数量,可以得出同样结论,却用较少动物[04:51.37]but uses fewer animalsand does not require that they die,
[04:57.74]may replace the LD50.
[04:59.92]而不使他们死亡的方法可能代替药剂致死剂量50实验.
[05:02.11]Many other new techniques are now available that enable more research
[05:05.23]现在已有许多其他的技术,可使更多的研究工作在试管中进行,
[05:08.35]to be done in the test tube
[05:12.11]to see if chemicals produce harmfulbiological effects.
[05:15.19]去发现化学药品是否产生有害的生物作用.
[05:18.28]The number of animals used in laboratory testsh
[05:23.92]as declined over the last 20 years.
[05:26.56] 过去的20多年里,实验室内里实验中使用的动物数量已减少了.
[05:29.20]This is partly due to alternatives
[05:31.38]这部分是由于何供选择的办法多了,
[05:33.56]and partly to the fact that experiments are better designed
[05:36.48]部分是由于实验设计得更好,因为使用更健康的动物能产生更好的实验结果,
[05:39.41]so fewer need to be used
[05:41.47]所以用的动物更少了.
[05:43.54]healthier animals provide better experimental results.
[05:46.21]因为使用更健康的动物能产生更好的实验结果,
[05:48.89]For example,it used to take 36 monkeys to test a sample of polio vaccine
[05:53.07]例如,过去常用36只狮子来实验脊髓类质炎疫苗样品,
[05:57.25]now it takes only 22.
[05:59.59]现在只用22只.
[06:01.93]Also,lack of money has reduced the number of animals used
[06:05.15]缺少资金已使所使用的动物数量减少了
[06:08.38]they are expensive to buy and expensive to keep.
[06:11.06]---购买和饲养动物都很昂贵.
[06:13.73]Birmingham University now has Britain's first department of Biomedical Ethics.
[06:17.36] 伯明翰大学现在设有英国首家生物医学伦理学系.
[06:21.00]Professor David Morton of the department is involved in animal research
[06:24.43]系里的大卫.莫顿教授从事动物研究,
[06:27.87]and is concerned with reducing animal suffering as much as possible.
[06:31.34]对尽可能地减少动物的痛苦很关心.
[06:34.81]Animals spend 95% of their time in their cages
[06:37.90]动物们在矮子里度过了它们95%的时间,
[06:40.98]and refinement also means making their lives better when not undergoing tests.
[06:45.02]改良也意味着不进行实验时使它们活地更好些.
[06:49.05]This includes keeping them in more suitable cages,
[06:51.62]这包括在更舒适的矮子时喂养他们,
[06:54.20]allowing social animals like dogs to live together
[06:57.08]允许像狗一们的友善的动物和他们生活在一起,
[06:59.97]and trying to reduce the boredom that these animals can experience.
[07:03.20]尽量减少这些动物可能经历的烦恼.
[07:06.42]In Professor Morton's laboratory,rabbits live together in large runs
[07:09.91] 在莫顿教授的实验里,大批兔子一起生活,
[07:13.40]filled with deep litter and boxes that they can hide in.
[07:16.43]到处是厚厚的干草和它们可以藏进去的箱子.
[07:19.46]The researchers have also refined some experiments.
[07:22.24]研究者们还改进了一些实验.
[07:25.02]In the US,one experiment in nerve regeneration
[07:30.80]involves cutting a big nerve in a rat's leg,leaving its leg paralyscd.
[07:34.57]在美国神经再生方面的实验要切断一条老鼠腿里的大神经,让它的腿瘫痪.
[07:38.34]In Morton's lab,the researcher cuts a small nerve in the foot
[07:41.53]在莫顿的实验室时里,研究者们只切断鼠脚里的一条小神经.
[07:44.72]He can see if it can regrow and the rat can still run around its cage
[07:48.40]他可以看到神经是否可以再生,而老鼠仍在笼子里四处跑.
[07:52.08]Even with these new developments in research,
[07:54.46]尽管使用了这些研究开发的新成果,
[07:56.84]only a tiny proportion of all tests are donewithout using animals at some stage.
[08:00.81]所有的实验中只有极少部分在某一阶段不使用动物.
[08:04.78]The use of animals in experiments cannot stop immediately
[08:07.86]在实验中使用的动物就不会立即停止.
[08:10.95]if medical research is to continue
[08:13.43]如果医学研究还要继续,
[08:15.91]and consumer products are to be properly tested,
[08:18.64]消费性产品还要严格地进行检验,
[08:21.37]and Professor Blakemore believes that sometimes there are no alternatives.
[08:25.16]布莱克默教授相信有时那时无可选择的.
[08:28.94]Wherever possible,for both ethical and scientific reasonswe do not use animals.
[08:33.18] 无论在何处,有可能的话,基于偷和科学的原因,我们不应使用动物做实验.
[08:37.41]But ceils live in animals and we can only really see how they behave
[08:41.53]但细胞生活在动物体内,当它们在动物体内时,我们才能真正看到它们的行为.
[08:45.66]when they are inside animals.
[08:50.10]We cannot possibly reproduce in a test tube or a computer model
[08:56.35]all the complex reactions of the body to a drug or a disease.
[08:59.98]我们不可能在试管里或计算机模型中复制出身体对药物或疾病的所有复杂反应.
[09:03.61]When it comes to research into heart disease and its effects on the body
[09:06.99]当谈到研究心脏病和它对身体的影响,
[09:10.37]or diseases of the brain for example,
[09:12.71]或例如脑类疾病[09:15.05]we do not have adequate substitutes for the use of animals.
[09:18.29]我们没有代替使用动物的合适的替代物.
[09:21.53]As research techniques become more advanced,
[09:24.19]随着研究技术变得更先进,
[09:26.86]the number of animals used in experiments may decrease,
[09:29.78]验中使用的动物数目可能会减少,
[09:32.71]but stopping testing on animals altogether is a long way away.
[09:36.80]但完全停止在动物身上实验还有很长的路要走.
[09:40.88]Text B
[09:43.73]Let's Slop Keeping Pets
[09:45.47]让我们停止养宠物
[09:47.21]Pets are lovable,frequently delightful.
[09:49.49] 宠物是可爱的,常常又很讨人喜欢.
[09:51.78]The dog and the cat,the most favored of pets are beautiful,intelligent animals.
[09:55.00]狗和猫---人们最为喜爱的宠物,是漂亮,聪明的动物.
[09:58.23]To assume the care for them
[10:01.60]can help bring out the humanity in our children and even in us.
[10:04.12]承担起照料它们的责任有助于我们的孩子身上甚至在我们自己身上培养人情味.
[10:06.64]A dog or a cat can teach us a lot about human nature;
[10:08.98]一只狗或一只猫能教给我们许多关于人类的本性的东西,
[10:11.32]they are a lot more like us than some might think.
[10:13.34]它们比某些人想象的更像我们人类.
[10:15.37]More than one owner of a dog
[10:19.00]has said that the animal understand severything he says to it.
[10:21.41]不只一个养狗的曾经说过狗理解他对它说的一切话.
[10:23.83]So a mother and father who have ever cared for pets
[10:28.27]are likely to be more patient and understanding with their children as well,
[10:31.00]所以曾经照顾过宠物的父母很可能也会对他们的孩子更有耐心和理解,
[10:33.73]and especially to avoid making negative
[10:37.88]or rude remarks in the presence of a child;no matter how young.
[10:40.61]特别是能避免在孩子面前做否定的和不礼貌的评论,不管他年龄多小.
[10:43.34]It is touching to see how a cat or doge specially a dog
[10:45.72]看到猫或狗---特别是狗---
[10:48.10]attaches itself to a family and wants to share in all its goings and comings.
[10:51.27]对一个家庭是如何地依恋,如何地想要分享家里发生的一切事情,是十分感人的.
[10:54.45]If certain animal psychologists are right
[10:56.48]如果某些动物心理学家是对的,
[10:58.52]a dog adopts his family in a most literal way
[11:03.07]taking it fur granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to.n
[11:06.10]狗以最踏实的方式接受它的家庭---理所当然地认为家即是它所属的那一群狗.
[11:09.13]It is sometimes said that the cat "takes all and gives nothing."
[11:11.86] 有时人们说猫"索取一切,什么都不给予".
[11:14.59]But is that really true?
[11:16.17]但那是真的吗?
[11:17.75]A cat can teach us a valuable lesson about how to be contented,
[11:20.32]猫可以给我们上有价值的一课.
[11:22.89]how to be serene and at ease,how to sit and contemplate.
[11:25.87]关于如何满足,如何安详自在,如何静坐沉思,
[11:28.85]Whereas a dog's constant pleas for attention become sometimes,a bit too much.
[11:32.18]而狗不断地寻求人们的注意,有时太过分了.
[11:35.51]Nevertheless it is the dog who can teach us lessons of loyalty and devotion
[11:41.96]that no cat ever knew.
[11:43.58]尽管如此,狗能教给我们忠诚和献身,这是猫从不知道的.
[11:45.20]So there's plenty to be said in favor of keeping pets.
[11:47.42] 于是有许多说法赞成养宠物.
[11:49.64]But with all that in mind,I still say let's stop keeping pets.
[11:52.72]但尽管心里明白所有这些说法,我依然要说让我们停止养鸡宠物吧.
[11:55.81]Not that a family should kill its pets.
[11:57.74]并不是说一个家庭应该杀死他们的宠物,
[11:59.67]Very few could bring themselves to do that.
[12:01.65]很少有人能使自己做这样的事.
[12:03.62]To be practical,I am suggesting that if we do not no whave a pet
[12:09.39]we should not a quire one;
[12:11.01]实际上,我是在建议如果我们现在没有养宠物,我们就不要弄一个;
[12:12.63]second,that if we now have a pet,we let it be our last one.
[12:15.61]第二,如果我们现在有一只宠物,就让它成为我们的最后一只吧.
[12:18.59]I could never say that pets are bad.
[12:20.47]我永远不会说宠物是有害的.
[12:22.35]I am saying,let's give up this good thing--the ownership of a pet
[12:25.47]我是在说,让我们放弃这个好东西吧---对宠物的拥有权---
[12:28.59]in favor of a more imperative good.
[12:30.51]去支持一个更紧迫的有益的事业吧.
[12:32.43]The purchase,the health care,the feeding and housing and training of a pet
[12:35.51] 购买一只宠物,照顾它的健康,喂养它,给它提供住处,训练它
[12:38.60]and I chiefly mean the larger,longer-lived pets cost time and money.
[12:41.38]---我主要指的是较大的,较长寿命的宠物--花费时间和钱财.
[12:44.16]Depending on the animal's size and activity,it's special tastes and needs,
[12:47.35]根据动物的体型大小,活动,其特殊品和需要,
[12:50.53]and the standard of living we establish for it,
[12:52.66]我们为之建立起生活标准照顾一只宠物的花费
[12:54.79]the care of a pet can cost from a dollar a week to a dollar or more a day[12:57.87]可能从一周一美元到一天一美元或更多.
[13:00.96]I would not for a moment deny it is worth that.
[13:03.03]我从不会否认它的价值.
[13:05.11]But facts outside the walls of our home keep breaking in on our awareness.
[13:07.93] 但是我们房子外面的事实却不断地闯入我们的意识.
[13:10.75]Though we do not see the poverty-suicken people of India
[13:15.61]and Africa and South America,
[13:17.60]虽然我们没看到印度,非洲和南美洲穷困潦倒的人们,
[13:19.58]we can never quite forget that they are there.
[13:21.65]我们决不能完全忘记他们的存在.
[13:23.71]Now and then their faces are shown in the news,
[13:27.94]or in the begging ads of relief organizations.
[13:30.12]他们的面容不时出现在新闻里或救济组织的求援广告里.
[13:32.30]Probably we send a donation whenever we can.
[13:34.52]每次在我们有能力里也送去一份捐助.
[13:36.74]we do not,as a rule,feel a heavy personal responsibility
[13:42.80]for the afflicted and deprivedfor we are pretty thoroughly formed
[13:45.63] 我们通常并不感到对贫穷困苦的人们负有重大的个人责任,
[13:48.45]by the individualistic competitive society we live in.
[13:51.18]因为我们几乎完全是由我们生活于其中的这个个人主义的,竞争的社会所塑造成形的.
[13:53.91]he first dime we ever made was ours to spend in any way we chose.
[13:56.94]我们曾经挣得的第一个10分硬币是自己的,我们可以选择花掉它的任何一种方式.
[13:59.97]No one thought of questioning that.
[14:01.70]没人想到对些提出质疑,
[14:03.44]That attitude,formed before we had learned to think,
[14:05.87]那种态度形成于我们学会思考之前,
[14:08.30]usually prevails through our life: "I made my money.
[14:10.94]通常会贯穿我们的一生:"我挣自己的钱,
[14:13.58]I can spend it any way I like."
[14:15.46]我可以以我喜欢的任何方式花掉它."
[14:17.34]But more and more we are reading that the people of the "Fhird World"
[14:20.07] 但我们越来越多地在阅读中了解到"第三世界"的人们
[14:22.80]feel bitter at us in the developed countries
[14:25.14]怀恨发达国家里的我们
[14:27.47](with the United States far more developed than any of the others)
[14:29.96](美国比其他任何国家发达得多),
[14:32.44]for our seizing hold of two-thirds of the world's wealth and living like kings
[14:35.52]因为我们占有了世界2/3的财富,
[14:38.60]while they work away all day to earn a bare living.
[14:40.94]生活得像国王一们,而他们整天工作以求糊口.
[14:43.28]The money and the time we spend on pets
[14:45.20]我们花在宠物身上的金钱和时间
[14:47.12]is simply not our own to spend as we like
[14:51.27]in a time of widespread want and starvation.
[14:53.45]在广泛渴望帮助和饥饿遍布的时代绝对不是我们可以随心所欲花费的私有物.
[14:55.63]A relief organization advertises that for $33 a month
[15:01.51]they can give hospital care to a child suffering from kwashiorkor
[15:04.29]一个救援组织做广告说,每个月捐33美元就可使一个患恶性营养不良症孩子住院治疗
[15:07.08]the severe deficiency disease which is simply a starving for protein.
[15:10.01]--这是一种仅仅由于缺乏蛋白质而产生的严重营养不良疾病.
[15:12.95]Doing without such a pet,
[15:14.68]不养宠物,
[15:16.40]and then sending the money saved to a relief organization
[15:18.74]然后把节省下来的钱捐给救援组织将意味着挽救一条生命
[15:21.08]would mean saving a life over the years several human lives.
[15:24.20]--几年以后,就能挽救几条生命.
[15:27.32]Children not suffering from such a grave disease
[15:31.58]could be fed with half that amount--
[15:33.32]没有遭受到那种疾病的孩子可以用那个数目(每月33美元)的半数来糊口
[15:35.05]not on a diet like ours,but on plain,basic,life-sustaining food.
[15:38.53]--不是吃我们那们的食物,只是一般的,基本的,维持生命的食物.
[15:42.00]It is not unreasonable
[15:45.16]to believe that the amount of money we spend on the average Pet dog
[15:50.49]could keep a child alivein a region of great poverty.
[15:52.86]相信我们平均花在宠物狗上的钱能够养活一个特别贫穷地区的孩子是不过分的.
[15:55.22]To give what we would spend on a cat might not feed a child,
[15:57.60]拿出我们花在猫身上的钱可能养活不了一个孩子,
[15:59.97]but it would probably pay for his medical care or basic education.
[16:02.70]但可能付清他的医疗费用或基本教育费用.
[16:05.43]The point needs no laboring.
[16:08.80]That is all that need be said.
[16:10.53]这一点无须详述:这就是所有要说的话.