大学英语自学教程下UNIT9

[00:04.99]Aging is European Countries
[00:07.56]欧洲国家的老龄化
[00:10.14]We have to realise how old,how very old,we are.
[00:13.56]我们不得不认识到我们多大岁数了,有多老了.
[00:16.98]Nations are classified as"aged 1"
[00:22.83]when they have 7 per centor more of their people aged 65 or above,
[00:26.71]当有7%或更多的人65岁或者说65岁以上时,
[00:30.59]and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this
[00:39.55]Of the really ancient societies,
[00:41.73]这个国家就被列入老龄化国家之列.到大约1970年,第一个发达国家都成了这样的国家.
[00:43.91]with over 13 per cent above 65all are in Northwestern Europe.
[00:48.24]65岁以上的人超过13%的老年人社会,都在西北欧.
[00:52.56]At the beginning of the 1980's East Germany had 15.6 per centAustria,Sweden,
[01:02.69]West Germany and France had 13.4 per centor above,
[01:06.02]20世纪80年代初,东德有15.6%,奥地利,瑞典,西德和法国有13.4或更大高,
[01:09.36]and England and Wales 13.3 per cent.
[01:12.44]英格兰和威尔士有13.3%,
[01:15.52]Scotland had 12.3 per cent.
[01:18.15]英格兰12.3%,
[01:20.77]Northern Ireland 10.8 per centand the United States 9.9 per cent.
[01:25.50]北爱尔兰有10.8%,美国有9.9%.
[01:30.23]We know that we are getting even older
[01:32.75]我知道我们在变得越来越老,
[01:35.27]and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth;
[01:38.95]人口增长率接近于零的社会离我们接近,
[01:42.64]the older its population is likely to be--
[01:45.12]人口越可能老龄化,
[01:47.60]at leastfor any future that concerns us now.
[01:52.64]To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added
[01:56.27]至少就与我们直接相关的未来来说是这样的.
[01:59.90]some of them only recently recognised.
[02:02.24]许多更大进一步的现实,
[02:04.58]There is the apparent paradox 2 that the effective cause
[02:07.70]其中一些只是近来才认识到,
[02:10.82]of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths.
[02:14.24]造成老年人比率高的有效原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数.
[02:17.67]There is the economic principle'that the dependency ratio
[02:20.80]有这样一条经济原则:
[02:23.93]the degree to which thom who cannot earn depend lot a living on those who can--
[02:27.51]抚养率---不能挣钱生活的人依靠能挣钱养家的人的程度
[02:31.09]is more advantageous 3 in older societies like ours
[02:37.26]than in the younger societies of the developing world,
[02:39.83]---在我们这机关报更为老龄化的社会里比在发展中世界的较年轻社会里要有利一些,
[02:42.40]because lots of dependent babies
[02:47.68]are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.
[02:50.71]因为大量的沿需抚养的孩子与一定数量的不能工作的老年人相比,更是个负担.
[02:53.74]There is the appreciation 4 of the salient historical truth
[02:56.77]有对这样一个明显的历史真实的正确评价:
[02:59.80]that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
[03:03.18]先进社会的老龄化都是一种突变.
[03:06.57]If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure,
[03:09.70]  如果"革命"是对社会结构的迅速重建,
[03:12.84]and if the age composition of the society counts as a very
[03:19.50]important aspect of that social structure,
[03:21.93]如果社会的年龄构成被看做社会结构的一个非常重要的方面,
[03:24.36]then there has been a social revolution in European and
[03:27.44]如果社会的年龄构成被看做社会结构的一个非常重要的方面,
[03:30.52]particularly Western European society with in the lifetime of everyone over 50.
[03:34.60]那么在欧洲特别是第一个人的生命超过50岁的西欧,
[03:38.67]Taken together,these things have implications which are
[03:44.73]only beginning to be acknowledged.
[03:46.77]已经有一场革命.总之,这其中的含义只是刚刚开始被人们认识到.
[03:48.81]These facts and circunstances were well to the fore 5 earlier this year
[03:53.34]这些事实和情况早些时候在法国维希举行的一个世界大会上被
[03:57.87]at a world gathering 6 about aging as a challenge to science and to policy,
[04:01.96]视为对科学和政策的挑战而置于显著的地位.
[04:06.05]held at Vichy in France.
[04:10.41]There is often resistance to the idea that it is
[04:12.84]我们人口的老龄化,
[04:15.27]because the birthrate fell earlier in Western
[04:17.75]是因为在西欧和西北欧出生率比其他地方下降得早,
[04:20.23]and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere,
[04:23.11]而不是因为死亡率发生了一些变化.
[04:25.98]rather than because of any change in the death ratethat we have grown so old.
[04:29.95]经常有人对这一观点表示反对,
[04:33.92]But this is what elementary demography 7 makes clear.
[04:36.60],但这是基础人口统计学弄清楚的事实.
[04:39.28]Long life is altering our society,of course,but in experiential terms
[04:43.35]当然,长寿正改变着我们的社会,但这是根据经验而来的说法.
[04:47.43]We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living
[04:51.15]我们之中有一种比先于我们的任何社会多得多的寿命处长的经历[04:54.87]than any society that has over preceded us anywhere,
[04:57.89]这种子经历将继续下去.但如果我们不能为之做一些努力,即使在富裕的西文,
[05:00.90]and this will continue.But too much of that lengthened 8 experience
[05:04.59]但如果我们不能为之做一些努力,即使在富裕的西文,
[05:08.27]even in the wealthy West,will be experience of poverty and neglect
[05:15.82]unless we do something about it.
[05:17.81]太多的寿命延长的经历也将成为贫穷和被人忽视的经历.
[05:19.79]If you are now in your thirties,you ought to be aware
[05:22.57]  如果你现在是三十几岁,你应当知道,
[05:25.36]that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life
[05:32.02]after the age of 60.The older you are now,of course,
[05:36.04]你可以指望在活到60岁以后再活上差不多15年.
[05:40.06]the greater this proportion will be,and greater still if you are a woman.
[05:43.80]现在你越老,当然这个比例就越大.如果你是女人,这个比例还会大.
[05:47.53]Expectation of life is a slippery figure,
[05:50.11]估计寿命是个易变的数字,
[05:52.68]very easy to get wrong at the highest ages.
[05:55.41]在最高年龄上很容易弄错.
[05:58.14]At Vichy the demographers 9 were telling each other that their estimates
[06:04.30]of how many old there would be
[06:06.54]在维希,人口学家互相转告,在像英格兰和威尔士这些国家,
[06:08.77]and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales
[06:14.62]are due for revision upwards 10.
[06:16.56]他们对将有多少老人和他们能活多久的估计应向上调整.
[06:18.49]Text B
[06:20.02]B
[06:21.54]Children's Self-esteem
[06:23.32]孩子们的自尊
[06:25.10]Self-esteem is what people think about themselves
[06:27.46]  自尊是人们对自己看法
[06:29.83]whether or not they feel valued--and when family members have self-respect
[06:33.00]当家庭成员有了自尊,自豪,自信时,
[06:36.17]pride and belief in themselves,this high sell-esteem
[06:42.13]nuskes it possible to cope with the everyday problems of growing up.
[06:44.70]这种高度的自尊使得妥善处理成长的日常问题成为可能.
[06:47.28]Successful parenting begins by communicating to children that they belong,
[06:50.41]  成功的充儿之道始于让孩子知道,
[06:53.54]and are loved for no other reason than just because they exist.
[06:56.27]他们属于这个家庭,他们受到宠爱没有别的原因,就因为他们自身的存在.
[06:59.00]Through touch and tone of voice
[07:00.78]通过抚摸和声音的语调,
[07:02.56]parents tell their infants whether or not they are valued,special,and loved,
[07:05.64]父母告诉他们的幼儿他们是否受到重视,最否很特别,量否被爱.
[07:08.72]and it is these messages that form the basis of the child's self-esteem.
[07:11.70]正是这些信息形成了孩子自尊的基础.
[07:14.68]When children grow up with love
[07:16.40]当孩子们在爱的翔下成长,
[07:18.13]and are made to feel lovable despite their mistakes and failures,
[07:20.71]不管他们是错误或失败,都使他们感觉到讨人喜爱时,
[07:23.30]they are able to interact with others in a responsible,honest,and loving way
[07:26.52]他们就能用可信赖的,诚实的和爱的方式与别人交往.
[07:29.75]A healthy self-esteem is a resource for coping when difficulties arise,
[07:32.72]当出现困难时,健康的自尊心是一种解决困难的手段,
[07:35.68]making it easier to see a problem as temporary,manageable,
[07:38.46]使之容易把问题看做是暂时的,能处理的,
[07:41.24]and something from which the individual can emerge.
[07:43.43]个人可以从中解脱出来.
[07:45.61]If,however,children grow up without love and without feelings of self-worth,
[07:50.09]  然而,如果孩子们在没有爱和没有自我价值感的环境中成长,
[07:54.57]and expect to be cheated,taken advantage of,and looked down upon by others.
[07:57.95]他们觉得不讨人喜欢,没有价值,料想会被别人欺骗,利用和看不起,
[08:01.33]Ultimately their actions invite this treatment,
[08:03.46]最后他们的行为招致了这种待遇,
[08:05.59]and their self-defeating behavior turns expectations into reality.
[08:08.57]他们的自我挫败的行为把预想变成了现实.
[08:11.55]They do not have the personal resources to handle everyday problems
[08:14.28]他们没有以健康方式处理日常问题的个人对策,
[08:17.01]in a healthy way,and life may be viewed as just one crisis after another
[08:20.43]生活被认为只是一个危机接着另一个危机.
[08:23.85]Without a healthy self-esteem they may cope by acting 11 out problems
[08:30.01]rather than talking them out or by withdrawing
[08:32.50]没有健康的自尊心,他们处理问题时,不是把问题提出来,
[08:34.98]and remaining indifferent toward themselves and others
[08:37.32]而是用行动把问题表现出来,
[08:39.65]These individuals grow up to live isolated,lonely lives,
[08:42.48]或是采取退缩以及对自己和他保持冷漠的态度.
[08:45.30]lacking the ability to give the love that they have never received
[08:47.96]这些人在隔绝的孤独的生活中成长,
[08:50.63]Self-esteem is a kind of energy,and when it is high,
[08:53.36]自尊心是一种力量.当自尊心强时[08:56.08]people feel like they can handle anything.
[08:58.12]人们感觉好像能够处理任何事情.
[09:00.16]It is what one feels when special things are happening
[09:02.59]这就是当特殊事情发生
[09:05.02]or everything is going great.A word of praise,a smile,
[09:08.19]或一切进行得很顺利时一个人的感觉.一句赞扬的话,一个微笑,
[09:11.37]a good grade on a report Card,
[09:13.18]成绩报告卡上的一个好分数,
[09:15.00]or doing something that creates pride within oneself
[09:17.22]或者做一些使自己引以为荣的事,都能产生这种力量.
[09:19.44]can create this energy When feelings about the self have been threatened
[09:22.61]当对于自己的感觉受到威胁,
[09:25.79]and self-esteem is low,everything becomes more of an effort.
[09:28.50]自尊心不足时,一切事情都在更大程度上变成了一种需要费力去做的负担.
[09:31.22]It is difficult to hear,see,or think clearly,
[09:33.94]很难听清楚,看清楚,想清楚,
[09:36.65]and others seem rudeinconsiderate,and rough,
[09:39.17]其他人都似乎没有礼貌,不体谅人,粗暴.
[09:41.69]The problem is not with others,it is with the self,
[09:44.22]问题并不在别人,是在自己.
[09:46.74]but often it is not until energies are back to normal
[09:49.32]但常常直到这种精神回到正常状态,
[09:51.91]that the real problem is recognized.
[09:53.83]才认识到真正的问题是什么.
[09:55.75]Children need help understanding that their self-esteem
[09:58.27]  婴幼儿的自尊完全依赖于其家庭成员.
[10:00.79]and the self-esteem of those they interact with
[10:04.66]have a direct effect on each other.
[10:06.48]直到大约孩子上学时,外界力量才对孩子的自我感觉产生影响.
[10:08.31]For example,a little girl comes home from school and says,
[10:13.56]"I need lovings 'cause my feelings got hurt today.
[10:18.61]"The mother responds to her child's need to be held and loved.
[10:23.26]If instead the mother said she was too busy to hold the little girl,
[10:28.58]the outcome would have been different.
[10:32.14]The infant's self-esteem is totally dependent on family members,
[10:38.30]and it is not until about the time the child enters school
[10:43.16]that outside forces contribute to feelings about the self.
[10:48.12]A child must also learn that a major resource for a healthy self-esteem
[10:51.25]孩子也必须明白健康的自尊主要恶臭内部.
[10:54.37]comes from within.
[10:57.84]Some parents raise their children to depend on external
[11:00.57]一些父母通过
[11:03.30]rather than internal reinforcement through practices such as
[11:08.55]paying for good grades On report cards
[11:10.63]诸如为报告卡上的好成绩付报酬
[11:12.71]or exchanging special privileges for good behavior.
[11:15.08]或为好的行为况现特权,
[11:17.46]The child learns to rely on others to maintain a high self-esteem
[11:20.33]学会了依靠别人来保持高度自尊,
[11:23.21]and is not prepared to live in a world in which desirable behavior
[11:25.92]没有生活在一个这样的世界的思想准备,
[11:28.64]does not automatically produce a tangible 12 reward
[11:31.06]在这个世界里可取的行为并不会自动产生
[11:33.47]such as a'smile,money,or special privileges.
[11:36.10]像微笑,金钱或特权这样的实在的奖励.
[11:38.72]Maintaining a healthy self-esteem is a challenge that continues throughout life.
[11:41.75]保持健康的自尊心是持续一生的挑战.
[11:44.78]One family found that they could help each other identify positive attitudes.
[11:47.87]一个家庭发现他们可以互相帮助确定积极的态度.
[11:50.95]One evening during an electric storm
[11:52.97]一个是民闪雷鸣的晚上,
[11:55.00]the family gathered around the kitchen table,
[11:57.07]一家人围坐在厨房桌子周围,
[11:59.15]and each person wrote down two things that they liked about each family member
[12:02.02]每个人写下两件他们喜欢的关于每一个家庭成员的事.
[12:04.90]These pieces of paper were folded and given to the appropriate person,
[12:07.72]这些纸折叠起来给了相应的人,
[12:10.54]who one by one opened their special messages.
[12:12.72]他们一个接一个打开了他们特殊的讯息
[12:14.90]The father later commented,"It was quite an experience
[12:20.18]opening each little piece of paper and reading the message.
[12:22.45]父亲后来评论说:"打开每张字条读上面的信息,那真是很好的感受.
[12:24.72]I still have those gifts,and when I've had a really bad day
[12:27.40]我依然保存着那些礼物,当我遇到一个特别糟糕的日子里,通读它们,
[12:30.08]I read through them and I always come away feeling better."
[12:32.72]我总从中解脱出来,感受好多了."
[12:35.36]The foundation of a healthy family
[12:39.01]depends on the ability Of the parents to communicate messages of love,
[12:41.94]  健康家庭的基础依赖于父母传递给每一个孩子的爱,
[12:44.87]trust,and self-worth to each child
[12:47.23]信任和自我价值的信息的能力
[12:49.59]This is the basis on which self-esteem is built,and as the child grows,
[12:52.68]这是建立自尊心的基础,伴随着孩子的成长[12:55.76]serf-esteem changes from a collection of other's feelings
[13:00.80]to become personal feelings about the self.
[13:02.98]自尊心由惧别人的感觉变为自己对自己的感觉.
[13:05.16]Ultimately a person's self-esteem
[13:09.32]is reflected in the wayhe or she interacts with others.
[13:11.89]最后,一个人的自尊由他或她与别人的效方式反映出来.