大学英语自学教程下UNIT1

[00:29.60]Unit 1  Text A    What Is a Decision?
[00:32.72]决策是什么?
[00:35.84]A decision is a choice
[00:40.28]made from among alternative courses of action that are available.
[00:43.66]决策即是从几种可行的行为中做出选择.
[00:47.05]The purpose of makinga decision
[00:51.10]is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives.
[00:54.82]决策的目的是为了建立和达到组织的目标.
[00:58.54]The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists,
[01:01.56]决策的原因是存在着问题,
[01:04.57]goals or objectives are wrong
[01:06.99]目标有误,
[01:09.41]or something is standing 1 in the way of accomplishing them.
[01:12.03]或有某种东西妨碍着它的实现.
[01:14.66]Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management.
[01:18.38]  因此决策的过程对于管理是必不可和的.
[01:22.10]almost everything a manager does involves decisions,
[01:25.63]几乎管理者所做的所有事情都涉及到决策.
[01:29.16]indeed,some suggest that the management process is decisions making.
[01:33.09]确实,有人认为管理过程就是决策过程.
[01:37.02]Although managers cannot predict the future,
[01:40.05]虽然管理者不能预测未来,
[01:43.08]many of their decisions require that they condider possible future events.
[01:47.05]但他们的许多决策还是要求他们考虑到未来可能发生的事情.
[01:51.02]Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be
[01:54.76]通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测,
[01:58.49]and try to leave as little as possible to chance,
[02:01.42]从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生.
[02:04.34]but since uncrtainty is always there,risk accompanies decisions.
[02:08.27]但因为总存在着不确定性,所以风险常伴随着决策.
[02:12.21]Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight;
[02:15.47]有时候不明知的决策的结果没什么大不了的,
[02:18.74]at other times they are serious.
[02:21.02]有时却非常严重.
[02:23.31] Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives.
[02:26.69]  选择就是从可供选择的事物中进行选择的机会.
[02:30.07]If there is no choice,there is no decision to be made.
[02:33.25]如果没有选择,就不会有决策.
[02:36.42]Decision making is the process of choosing,
[02:39.69]决策是选择的过程,
[02:42.95]and many decisions have a broad range of choice.
[02:46.03]许多决策有很广的可选范围.
[02:49.12]For example,
[02:50.88]例如:
[02:52.64]a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses
[02:55.97]例如:为了完成得到大学学位的决策,
[02:59.30]in order to implement 2 the decision to obtain a college degree.
[03:02.44]一个学生可以从许多不同的课程中选择.
[03:05.57]For managers,every decision has constraints 3 based on policies,
[03:09.40]对管理者来说,每次决策都受到政策,
[03:13.23]procedures,laws,precedents,and the like.
[03:16.31]程序,法律,惯例等等因素的制约.
[03:19.39]These constraints exist at all levels of the organization.
[03:22.51]这些制约存在于各级组织中.
[03:25.64]Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made.
[03:29.61]  供选择的事物是指可供从中选择的可能的行为过程.
[03:33.58]If there are no alternatives,there is no choice and,therefore,no decision.
[03:37.55]如果没有供选择的事物,就不能做出选择,因此,就没有决策.
[03:41.52]If no alternatives are seen,
[03:43.56]如果找不到可供选择的事物,
[03:45.59]often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done.
[03:49.22]通常意味着对这个问题还没有做彻底的审查.
[03:52.86]For example,managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion;
[03:56.83]例如:管理者有时用二者择一的方式来处理问题,
[04:00.80]this is their way of simplifying complex problems.
[04:03.44]这是他们简化复杂问题的方式.
[04:06.07]But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.
[04:09.65]但这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的办法.
[04:13.23]At the managerial level,
[04:15.11]  在管理级别上,
[04:16.99]decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them,
[04:21.02]决策包括限定并确定可选择的事物,
[04:25.04]and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited 4.
[04:28.53]其范围从极其有限到实际上无限多. [04:32.01] Decision makers 6 must have some way of determining
[04:34.94]决策者必须有办法决定
[04:37.86]which of several alternatives is best,
[04:40.24]在若干种可供选择的事物中哪能种是最优的,
[04:42.62]that is which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals.
[04:46.64]也就是哪种最有助于完成组织目标.
[04:50.66]An organizational goal
[04:54.50]is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.
[04:57.98]组织目标是组织所追求达到的事件的结束或状态.
[05:01.45]Because individuals(and organizations)frequently have different ideas about
[05:08.61]how to attain 7 the goals,
[05:10.65]因为个体(和组织)关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点,
[05:12.69]the best choice may depend on who makes the decision[05:15.66]哪能种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策.
[05:18.64]Frequently,departments or units within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually
[05:23.11]通常,一个组织中的各部门或单位做出的决策对他们个体来说是有益的,
[05:27.58]but that are less than optimal 8 for the larger organization.
[05:30.45]但对更大的组织来说则不是最理想的.
[05:33.32]Called suboptimization,
[05:35.40]所谓的局部最优化,
[05:37.48]this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function
[05:41.45]这种权衡增加了对一个单位或一项职能的好处,
[05:45.42]but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.
[05:48.75]却减少了对其他单位或职能的好处.
[05:52.08]For example,the marketing 9 manager may argue effectively for an increased advertising 10 budget.
[05:56.05]例如:销售经理可能为了提高广告预算而极力说服他人.
[06:00.02]In the larger scheme of things, however,
[06:02.36]可在更大大的方案中,
[06:04.70]increased funding for research to improve the products
[06:10.44]might be more beneficial to the organization.
[06:12.94]提高研究基金以改进产品可能对整体组织更大有益处.
[06:15.43]These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives
[06:22.38]that organizations wish to attain simultaneously 11.
[06:25.16]  因为组织希望同时达到许多目标,这此权衡就会发生.
[06:27.94]Some of these objectives are more important than others,
[06:31.03]其中一些目标较其他目标更重要,
[06:34.11]but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department.
[06:38.63]但其顺序和重要程度在人与人,部门与部门之间则常常不同.
[06:43.15]Different managers define the same problem in different terms.
[06:46.41]不同的管理者用不同的术语定义同样的问题.
[06:49.68]When presented with a common case,sales managers tend to see sales problems,
[06:53.65]当面对一件日常事例时,销售经理倾向于去看销售环节的问题,
[06:57.62]production managers see production problems,and so on.
[07:00.28]生产经理则看生产环节的问题等等.
[07:02.95]The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based,in part,
[07:07.08]  在某种程序上,多种目标的先后顺序和重要性
[07:11.20]on the values of the decision maker 5.
[07:13.54]也基于决策人的价值观念.
[07:15.88]Such values are personal;they are hard to understand,
[07:18.91]这此价值观具有个人色彩,因为其可变性和复杂性,
[07:21.94]even by the individual,because they are so dynamic and complex.
[07:25.57]即使对个体而言,也很难以理解.
[07:29.20]In many business situations different people's values about
[07:32.43]在许多交易情形下,不同的人们关于风险和盈利的
[07:35.65]acceptable degrees of risk and profitability
[07:41.22]cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.
[07:44.09]可接受程度的价值观念带来对决策正确性的不同意见.
[07:46.96]People often assume that a decision is an isolated 12 phenomenon.
[07:50.74]  人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象.
[07:54.51]But from a systems point of view,problems have multiple causes,
[07:58.04]但从系统的观点看,问题有多种原因,
[08:01.57]and decisions have intended and unintended consequences.
[08:05.11]决策有预期的和非预期的结果.
[08:08.65]An organization is an ongoing 13 entity,
[08:11.43]一个组织是一个正在发展中的实体,
[08:14.21]and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future.
[08:16.99]现在的决策可能给将来带来深远的影响.
[08:19.77]Thats the skilled manager looks toward the future consequence of current decisions 08:23.86]因而熟练的管理者会看到当前决策对未来的影响.
[08:27.95]Text B   Secrets of Success at an Interview
[08:30.82]面试成功的秘诀
[08:33.70]The subject of today's talk is interviews.
[08:36.04] 今天谈论的话题是面试.
[08:38.37]The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far.
[08:41.65] 面试的关键是准备和自信,这将对你具有深远的意义.
[08:44.93]Do your homework first.
[08:46.60] 首先你要做准备工作.
[08:48.27]Find out all you can about the job you are applying for
[08:50.65] 尽量了解你所申请的工作,
[08:53.03]and the organization you hope to work for.
[08:55.07]以及你所希望为之工作的组织机构.
[08:57.10]Many of the employers I interviewed made the same criticism of candidates.
[09:00.28] 我会见过的许多雇主都对应聘者做了同样的批评,
[09:03.45]"They have no idea what the day to day work of the job brings about.
[09:06.13]"他们不知道日常工作做些什么.
[09:08.81]They have vague notions of 'furthering the company's prospects'
[09:11.54]他们空具'改进公司的前景'
[09:14.27]or of 'serving the community',
[09:16.00]或'服务社区'的模糊概念,
[09:17.74]but have never taken the trouble to find out the actual tasks
[09:22.70]they will be required to do."
[09:24.38]却从来不肯下功夫去发现他们将需要做的实际工作."
[09:26.05]Do not let this be said of you.
[09:27.77]  不要让这些话涉及到你.
[09:29.50]It shows an unattractive indifference 14 to your employer and to your job[09:32.23]这表明你对雇主和工作没有吸引力,不感兴趣.
[09:34.96]Take the time to put yourself into the interviewer's place.
[09:37.38]  花时间设身处地地为面试接见者想一想.
[09:39.81]He wants somebody who is hard-working
[09:42.00]他需要的是具有友爱的人格,努力工作,
[09:44.18]with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job.
[09:46.85]并且对工作怀有真正兴趣的人.
[09:49.53]Anything that you find out about the prospective 15 employer
[09:54.29]can be used to your advantage during the interview
[09:56.47] 你所了解到的朋关未来雇主的任何信息都会在面试中对你有利,
[09:58.65]to show that you have bothered to master some facts
[10:03.01]but the people who you hope to work for.
[10:05.00]它表明你曾费心去了解你希望为之工作的人的有关事情.
[10:06.98]Write down(and remember) the questions you want to ask the interviewer(s)
[10:10.01]记录下(并且记住)面试中你想问的问题,
[10:13.04]so that you are not speechless when they invite your questions.
[10:15.56]这样他们请你提问时你就不会哑口无言了.
[10:18.08]Make sure that holidays and pay are not the first things you ask about.
[10:21.06]你一定不要首先问及休假和报酬.
[10:24.04]If all your questions have been answered during the interview,reply:
[10:26.77]如果你的问题在面试中都得到了回答,你应该这样说:
[10:29.50]"In fact,I did have several questions,but you have already answered them all."
[10:32.62]"事实上,我的确有一些问题,但你们已经做出了回答."
[10:35.74]Do not be afraid to ask for clarification
[10:40.18]of something that has been said during the interview
[10:42.21] 面试中如果你想确认所谈及的内容中有什么隐含意义,
[10:44.23]if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite.
[10:47.01]不要害怕请示明示,但一定要有礼貌.
[10:49.80]Just before you go to the interview,
[10:51.68] 在去面试之前,
[10:53.56]look again at the original advertisement that you answered,
[10:55.93]再看看你应征的原始广告,
[10:58.31]any correspondence from your prospective employer,
[11:00.58]你未来雇主的所有信件,
[11:02.86]photocopies of your letter of application or application form and your resume.
[11:06.10]你的求职信或求职表的复印件和你的简历.
[11:09.34]Then you will remember what you said and what they want.
[11:11.82]  这样你就记住了你所说的和他们所希望的.
[11:14.30]This is very important if you have applied 16 for many jobs in a short time
[11:17.12]如果你在适时间内申请了许多工作,这点就很重要.
[11:19.94]as it is easy to become confused and give an impression of inefficiency 17.
[11:23.02]因为你很容易搞混乱了,给人以效率低的印象.
[11:26.11]Make sure you know where and when you have to report for the interview.
[11:28.93]  确信何地何时你必须去面试.
[11:31.75]Go to the building(but not inside the office)a day or two before,if necessary[11:35.47]如果必要的话,面试前两天到面试的大楼(但不是办公室里)去一趟,
[11:39.19]to find out how long the journey,takes and where exactly the place is
[11:42.22]弄清路有多远和确切的地点.
[11:45.25]Aim to arrive five or ten minutes early for the actual interview,
[11:47.89]  为真正的面试做好早到5分钟或10分钟的打算,
[11:50.53]then you will have a little time in hand
[11:52.50]那么,你手头儿还有一点儿时间,
[11:54.48]and you will not panic if you are delayed.
[11:56.51]就不会为延误而惊慌.
[11:58.55]You start at a disadvantage if you arrive worried and ten minutes late.
[12:01.42]如果你急急忙忙地赶到,迟到10分钟,一开始你就处于不利地位.
[12:04.30]Dress in clean,neat,conservative clothes.
[12:06.62] 穿着要干净,整洁,保守.
[12:08.95]Now is NOT the time to experiment with the punk look
[12:11.59]现在不是尝试名牌打扮
[12:14.22]or (girls) to wear low-cut dresses with mini skirts.
[12:16.65]或女孩穿着领口开得很低的上衣和迷你裙的时候.
[12:19.08]Make sure that your shoes,hands and hair(and teeth) are clean and neat.
[12:22.50]确信你的鞋子,手,头发(和牙齿)干净,整洁.
[12:25.93]Have the letter inviting 18 you for an interview
[12:28.00]  准备好出示邀请你来面试的信件,
[12:30.08]ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication.
[12:32.76]以防万一在交流中出现麻烦.
[12:35.44]You may find yourself facing one int-erviewer or a panel.
[12:38.01]你可能会发现你自己面对着一个接见者或一个专门小组.
[12:40.58]The latter is far more intimidating 19, but do not let it worry you too much.
[12:43.55]后者令人害怕得多,但不要让它使你过分担忧.
[12:46.51]The interviewer will probably have a table in front of him/her.
[12:49.04]  会见者前面可能会放一张桌子,
[12:51.58]Do not put your things or arms on it.
[12:53.64]不要把你的东西和胳膊放在桌子上.
[12:55.71]If you have a bag or a case,put it on the floor beside your chair.
[12:58.49]如果你有一个包或一个箱子,把它放在你棒子旁边的地板上.
[13:01.27]Do not clutch it nervously 20 or,worse still,drop it,spilling everything.
[13:04.90]不要紧张地用手抓着,甚而更糟的是,掉在地上,把所有的东西都掉出来了[13:08.53]Shake hands if the interviewer offers his hand first.
[13:10.90]如果接见者首先伸过手来,你就和他握手.
[13:13.26]There is little likelihood that a panel of five
[13:17.81]wants to go though the process of all shaking hands with you in turn.
[13:20.48]几乎不可能五个人的专门小组中大家轮流与你握手.
[13:23.16]So you do not be upset if no one offers.
[13:25.38]所以如果没人主动伸手时,你不要感到不安.
[13:27.60]Shake hands firmly--a weak hand suggests a weak personality,
[13:30.68]握手要坚定有力---软弱无力的手说明导弹的个性,
[13:33.77]and a crushing grip is obviously painful.
[13:35.84]而挤压式的紧握显然是痛苦的.
[13:37.92]Do not drop the hand as soon as yours has touched it
[13:40.10]不要刚一接触就放下你的手,
[13:42.28]as this will seem to show you do not like the other person.
[13:44.87]因为这样似乎表明你不喜欢对方.
[13:47.45]Speak politely and naturally even if you are feeling shy.
[13:50.13]  即使你感到害羞,说话也要礼貌,自然.
[13:52.81]Think before you answer any questions.
[13:54.83]在回答任何问题之前都要先想想.
[13:56.86]If you cannot understand, ask:
[13:58.99]  如果你没有理解,可以这样请示:
[14:01.12]"Would you mind rephiasing the question, please?"
[14:03.15]"请您再重复一下这个问题,好吗?"
[14:05.19]The question will then be repeated in different words.
[14:07.41]会见者就会用不同的话重复一遍这个问题.
[14:09.63]If you are not definitely accepted or turned down on the spot,
[14:12.31]  如果当场你没有明确地被接受或拒绝,
[14:14.99]ask:"When may I expect to hear the results of this interview?"
[14:17.81]你就要问:"我可以期望在何时所到面试的结果呢?"
[14:20.63]If you do receive a letter offering you the job,
[14:22.85]  如果你确实收到了提供给你工作的信函,
[14:25.07]you must reply by letter(keep a photocopy) as soon as possible.  Good luck!
[14:28.85]你必须忙地回复信函(保留复印件).  祝好运!