人教全日制普通高中英语（必修）高二上01课文

[00:04.78]Reading  NO BOUNDARIES

[00:09.64]Imagine this:you are twenty-one years old

[00:15.10]and a promising 1 graduate student at one of the top universities in the world.

[00:21.76]One day,your doctor tells you that you have an incurable 2 disease 3

[00:28.24]and may not have more than twelve months to live.

[00:32.68]How would you feel? What would you do?

[00:37.36]Most of us would probably feel very sad

[00:42.21]and give up our dreams and hopes for the future.

[00:46.89]Here is what Stephen Hawking 4 thought:

[00:50.83](There did not seem) much point in working on my PhD

[00:56.11]I did not expect to survive that long.

[01:00.26]Yet two years had gone by and I was not that much worse.

[01:06.19]In fact,things were going rather well for me

[01:11.34]and I had got engaged to a very nice girl, Jane Wilde.

[01:17.22]But in order to get married,I needed a job,

[01:22.36]and in order to get a job,I needed a PhD.

[01:27.93]Instead of giving up,Hawking went on with his research,

[01:33.88]got his PhD and married Jane.

[01:38.85]Nor did he let the disease stop him from living the kind of life

[01:44.41]he had always dreamt of.

[01:47.57]He continued his exploration of the universe

[01:52.22]and travelled around the world to give lectures.

[01:56.48]In 2002,Hawking visited China

[02:01.16]and spoke 5 to university students in Hangzhou and Beijing.

[02:07.11]As his disease has disabled him,

[02:11.27]Hawking has to sit in his now-famous wheelchair and speak through a computer.

[02:19.02]He told the students about his theories and thoughts on some of the greatest questions.

[02:25.87]What is time,how did the universe begin,and what exactly are black holes?

[02:34.41]Hawking became famous in the early 1970s,

[02:39.87]when he and American Roger Penrose

[02:44.44]made new discoveries about the Big Bang 6 and black holes.

[02:50.37]Since then,Hawking has continued to seek answers to questions

[02:56.90]about the nature of the universe.

[03:00.66]In 1988, he wrote A Brief History of Time,which quickly became a best-seller.

[03:09.20]Readers were pleased and surprised to find that a scientist

[03:15.13]could write about his work in a way that ordinary people could understand.

[03:21.90]In the book,

[03:24.64]Hawking explains both what it means to be a scientist and how science works 7.

[03:31.91]He tells readers how discoveries are made and how they change the world.

[03:38.28]Science,according to Hawking,is often misunderstood:

[03:44.73]people often think that science is about "true" facts that never change.

[03:51.60]Scientists,on the other hand,Hawking writes,

[03:57.17]know that their job is never finished

[04:01.21]and that even the best theorycan turn out to be wrong.

[04:06.78]A scientific theory is the result Of the scientific method.

[04:12.84]Scientists look at the world and try to describe and explain what they see.

[04:20.21]First,they carefully observe what they are interested in.

[04:25.95]To explain what they have seen,

[04:29.71]they build a theory about the way in which things happen

[04:34.86]and the causes and effects.

[04:38.70]Finally,the scientists test the theory to seeif it matches what they have seen

[04:45.86]and if it can predict future events.

[04:50.12]If what they are observing can be tested in a practical way,

[04:55.08]scientists will use experiments.

[04:59.65]But if,like Hawking,

[05:03.73]they are studying something that is too large or too difficult to observe directly

[05:10.57]they will use a model to test the theory.

[05:14.93]People who listen to Hawking's lectures

[05:19.37]sometimes find it difficult to understand him,

[05:24.10]because his thoughts and ideas

[05:27.97]often seem as large as the universe he is trying to describe.

[05:33.82]The speech computer is not the problem.

[05:38.39]In fact,people who hear it often say it sounds just like a human voice.

[05:45.23]Hawking is happy with it, too.

[05:49.20]"The only trouble,"says Hawking,who is British,

[05:54.06]"is that it gives me an American accent."

[06:04.49]Reading  MAKING A DIFFERENCE

[06:09.95]It is not necessary to be a great scientist to make a difference,

[06:16.29]but there are things we can learn from the best minds in this world.

[06:22.07]Great scientists like Stephen Hawking always want to know more.

[06:28.41]They are never satisfied with a simple answer

[06:33.17]and are always looking for new questions.

[06:37.61]The Italian astronomer 8 Galileo Galilei was so curious that he used a microscope

[06:46.15]and a telescope

[06:49.39]in order to be able to take a closer look at things both great and small.

[06:56.34]By asking why, how and what if,curious minds find new ideas and solutions.

[07:06.19]If knowledge is power,as Sir Francis Bacon wrote in 1597,

[07:13.45]then perhaps creativity can be described as the ability to use that power.

[07:20.89]Scientists must be creative and use their imagination all the time.

[07:27.76]When Zhang Heng,the Chinese astronomer and geographer 9,

[07:33.33]wanted to draw a map of the heavens,

[07:37.59]he was not satisfied with a simple paper map.

[07:42.34]Instead, he built a model that could move

[07:47.30]in order to show how the position of the stars changed from season to season.

[07:54.46]We must believe in what we do,even when others do not.

[08:00.31]Both Galileo and Zhang Heng

[08:04.68]found it difficult to make people believe that their theories were correct.

[08:10.84]People laughed at Zhang Heng when he first introduced his seismograph,

[08:16.90]and it was only later that the world recognised his greatness.

[08:22.83]Galileo's observations show that Copernicus,another great astronomer,

[08:29.68]was right and that the earth moves around the sun,not the other way around.

[08:36.73]At that time,the church said that the earth was the centre of the universe

[08:43.49]and Galileo was not allowed to publish or discuss his observations.

[08:49.06]Today,both Zhang Heng and Galileo are known as scientific pioneers

[08:56.71]who helped us better understand the world.

[09:00.84]Perhaps the most important thing if we want to make a difference

[09:07.11]is to find something that we like to do and that we are good at.

[09:13.27]Knowing who we are means knowing how we think and what we like to do.

[09:20.43]Everyone has his or her special skills and interests,

[09:26.67]and only by discovering what we do best

[09:30.93]can we hope to reach our goals and truly make a difference.

[09:37.41]Work Book  unit 1   Integrating 10 skills

[09:47.44]Reading  ALBERT EINSTEIN

[09:52.20]When Stephen Hawking was writing A Brief History of Time,

[09:57.86]his editors told him that he would lose half of his readers

[10:03.19]for each equation 11 he put in the book.

[10:07.32]Despite this warning,Hawking found it necessary to include one equation.

[10:14.30]His choice was the world's most famous equation,Albert Einstein's E = mc2.

[10:23.96]As simple as the equation may seem,

[10:28.22]it represents a theory so important

[10:33.57]that it changed science and physics completely.

[10:38.82]In fact, Einstein's discoveries made such a big difference

[10:45.49]that he felt he had to apologise to Newton.

[10:50.45]"Forgive me,"Einstein wrote, "you found the only way which,

[10:57.21]in your age,was just about possible for a man of highest thought

[11:04.06]and creative power.

[11:07.22]Einstein had replaced Newton's theories with his own

[11:13.38]and changed our understanding of the universe.

[11:18.45]Before Einstein,

[11:21.61]scientists believed that light travelled through space in a straight line.

[11:27.96]But Einstein was able to prove that light coming from the stars

[11:33.92]was bent 12 as it passed the sun.

[11:38.17]As a result,it appeared to scientists on earth that the stars had moved.

[11:45.54]He worked out just how much the light would be bent;

[11:50.50]he could also work out how far the stars would appear to have moved.

[11:57.14]His discovery was completely new;

[12:01.50]it was said that only three people could understand it at the time.

[12:07.75]The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists

[12:14.72]Many of them did not accept his scientific ideas.

[12:20.78]But Einstein went on with his research.

[12:25.82]By 1919,scientists who had been watching the stars believed in his work

[12:34.18]and he quickly became world-famous.

[12:38.73]From that time on Einstein was greatly respected

[12:44.40]as the leading scientist of the century.

[12:49.36]The First World War (1914-1918) had brought him great sadness.

[12:58.50]He had taken Swiss nationality in 1901

[13:04.25]and therefore did not have to join the army,

[13:08.48]as Switzerland did not take sides in the war.

[13:13.63]Einstein thought that war was a terrible thing

[13:18.48]and believed that fighting and killing 13 in wars was wrong.

[13:24.13]He did urge the United States to build an atomic 14 bomb to defeat the Nazis 15,

[13:31.28]but when Einstein saw the effect of the bomb,he regretted his actions.

[13:38.26]What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.

[13:44.61]When Hitler came into power in the early 1930s, Einstein,

[13:51.58]who was a Jew,found it impossible to continue living in Germany.

[13:57.93]His friends were beaten, or taken away,or their homes were destroyed.

[14:04.77]While he was doing research in America,

[14:09.42]Einstein wrote a letter to a newspaper to say that these acts were wrong.

[14:16.50]It meant that he would never be able to visit Germany again.

[14:21.86]That is why Einstein and his family left Europe for the USA in 1933