时间:2018-12-26 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

在上一讲中我们跟您谈了生产和经济活动中的效率,也就是efficiency,包括:


1 productive efficiency 生产效率
2 allocative efficiency 配置效率
3 dynamic efficiency 动态效率
4 exchange efficiency 交换效率


今天我们要谈的话题是 competition - 竞争。


要获得所有形式的效率,必须要有“完全竞争”,也就是 perfect competition。而完全竞争需要有两个先决条件:


1 有大量生产者各生产产品的一小部分。
2 产品必须完全一致,使消费者不会对任何一个生产者的产品有任何特别的选择或偏爱。


这两个条件二者缺一就不是完全竞争。因此实际上在真实的市场当中所谓的“完全竞争”并不存在,它只是一种假设的理论。因为每个生产者的产品不可能完全一致,消费者也一定会在购买时作出比较和选择。


现实生活中的竞争是“可行竞争”,英文是 workable competition,也叫做“不完全竞争”,英文是 imperfect competition。


现在我们再听一遍这几个英文词汇:


1 competition 竞争
2 perfect competition 完全竞争
3 workable competition or imperfect competition 可行竞争或不完全竞争


澳大利亚消费事务与竞争委员会主席费尔斯对竞争的作用做了这样的解释:


The alternative to competition is monopoly, where there's a single supplier of a good or a service and that person konwing there's no competition has the opportunity to put up prices. There's no great pressure on them to keep their costs down and to be efficient.


So it's that competitive pressure that tends to make markets respond to what consumers want, to offer the best deals, and also to be technically 1 progressive, to innovate 2 under the pressure of competition.


费尔斯在谈话中用了这样一个词汇:monopoly - 垄 断。


费尔斯说,与竞争相对的是垄断。当某种商品或服务只由唯一的供应商提供给市场时,供应商知道没有竞争,就有可能提高价格。对他们来说没有太大的压力要他们降低成本提高效率。


因此是竞争的压力使市场对消费者的需求作出回应,提供物美价廉的商品,同时也促进技术上的进步,在竞争的压力下进行革新。


下面我们再听一遍费尔斯这段讲话的原文。(略)


竞争对整个社会和消费者个人都有益处。通常竞争不仅仅意味着更低的价格和更好的服务,而且也意味着顾客可以有更多的选择。


费尔斯接着对竞争的功能做了进一步的解释:


You may get consumers who want very high quality services satisfied, but at a higher price. And the people who want no-frills service and cheap product will also get it at the other end of the market. So competition allows a range of variety to occur in a market.


费尔斯说,有些顾客愿意付出较高的价格来获得高品质的商品或服务。另一方面,有人需要的是基本的服务和便宜的商品。他们的需求在市场上也能得到满足。因此竞争使市场的供应多种多样。


The benefit to society of competition is that it makes a major contribution to the fundamental economic issue, which is the scarcity 3 of productive resources. It means that on the production side, there is maximum pressure to conserve 4 the use of those scarce productive resources.


On the demand side it also rations 5 consumer demand appropriately, and it also tends to mean that the variety of consumer needs can be met.


费尔斯接着说,竞争对社会的益处在于它对解决最根本的经济问题作出了重要的贡献,也就是生产资源的缺乏问题。它意味着生产一方受到最大限度的压力要它节约使用有限的生产资源。


从需求一方来说,竞争也恰当地节制了顾客的需求,同时也使顾客多方面的需要得到满足。


澳大利亚消费事务与竞争委员会主席费尔斯在他的谈话中用了这样一些词汇:


1 no-frills service 基本的服务
2 fundamental economic issue 根本的经济问题
3 scarcity of productive resources 生产资源的缺乏


下面我们完整听一遍费尔斯的这段谈话。(略)


在这一讲结束前,我们复习一遍今天学到的一些生词:


1 competition 竞争
2 perfect competition 完全竞争
3 workable competition or imperfect competition 可行竞争或不完全竞争
4 monopoly 垄断
5 no-frills service 基本的服务
6 fundamental economic issue 根本的经济问题
7 scarcity of productive resources 生产资源的缺乏


最后我们再听一遍澳大利亚消费事务与竞争委员会主席费尔斯的谈话。(略)


听众朋友,这次由澳洲广播电台Radio Australia中文部为您制作的金融世界节目到这里就结束了,谢谢您的收听。



1 technically
adv.专门地,技术上地
  • Technically it is the most advanced equipment ever.从技术上说,这是最先进的设备。
  • The tomato is technically a fruit,although it is eaten as a vegetable.严格地说,西红柿是一种水果,尽管它是当作蔬菜吃的。
2 innovate
v.革新,变革,创始
  • We must innovate in order to make progress.我们必须改革以便取得进步。
  • It is necessary to innovate and develop military theories.创新和发展军事理论是必要的。
3 scarcity
n.缺乏,不足,萧条
  • The scarcity of skilled workers is worrying the government.熟练工人的缺乏困扰着政府。
  • The scarcity of fruit was caused by the drought.水果供不应求是由于干旱造成的。
4 conserve
vt.保存,保护,节约,节省,守恒,不灭
  • He writes on both sides of the sheet to conserve paper.他在纸张的两面都写字以节省用纸。
  • Conserve your energy,you'll need it!保存你的精力,你会用得着的!
5 rations
定量( ration的名词复数 ); 配给量; 正常量; 合理的量
  • They are provisioned with seven days' rations. 他们得到了7天的给养。
  • The soldiers complained that they were getting short rations. 士兵们抱怨他们得到的配给不够数。
学英语单词
ablazer
advanced digital optical control system
Ainscough
aluminum cartridge case
anemobarograph
Anupgarh
awareness-raising
baling charges
banglawash
bar with
barium fluozirconate
Bartragh I.
bench assembly
Blanice
blood poison
book reviewing
Branthwaite
break-bulk from
brittle pan
bulkhead-mounted
cantus firmus
capitonidaes
carousel storage system
carry out an invention
chemistry of carbohydrate
cockneyfying
corporatise
Crotalaria hainanensis
cup meter
cylindromatosis
deepthroating
diplex generator
dyscece
endometrial cancer
excitory input
firedoor handle
forging shop
frumentaceous
heap-full
hemless
Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas
identity disorder
iken
initil output
input/output section
jurgen
kayembe
kikladhess
laccadive is. (cannanore is.)
lea count-strength product(lcsp)
learjets
leg-irons
linac duty factor
linear waveguide accelerator
luminous flux density
mccathy
mechanonociception
meet sb's eye
modal expansion
morphin
muling
mystific
non-frangible wheel
noncomplying
Nārāndia
opercular
pickup hole
Predeal, Pasul
purchases
refractive cell
retrieval by on-line search
rhizoglyphus robini claparede
rush-ring
sag tension
Schilling rudder
scotinos
semiconductor tetrode
sharp's the word
smoothing parameter
soil yeast
Spirillum volutans
squamous epthelium
superman punches
surface mining
swamp white oak
sweet corn soup
Tawantinsuyu
theory of antibody diversity
thingo
tie chain
tight pick
tongue thrusting
touchboards
tremor coactus
two-stick stow net
unblended gasoline
vameure
vertebratas
vitreotomy
water flushed production period
weight index number
woomeras