时间:2018-12-03 作者:英语课 分类:实用英语


英语课

人们在历史上曾经使用小麦或金银等贵重金属作为购买其它商品的交换媒介,也就是货币。这种交换媒介本身的内在价值相当于要交换的商品的价值。


但现代形式的货币,不管是纸钞、硬币、还是电子货币,它们本身都与要交换的商品价值并不相等。一张五元或是五十元的纸币本身都只不过是印了彩色图案的纸片,甚至几分钟之内就能把千百万元转手的银行卡,本身也只不过是不值几文的塑料片。


那么,为什么这些纸片和塑料卡深受人们的重视,成为人们生活中须臾不可离开的东西呢?这是因为它们本身虽然没有什么价值,但却代表了一定的价值。这也就是说,现代货币是一种名义货币。


在这一讲中,我们就先谈谈“名义货币”,然后我们再来看一下“信用货币”。


名义货币,也叫法定货币。英文是 Fiat 1 money。Fiat 是拉丁文,它的意思是法令、许可、批准。


澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授对 Fiat money,也就是名义货币或法定货币,作了这样的解释:


Fiat money has not only no particular value in use, it doesn't even really have a value in exchange except that which is decreed that it would have.


名义货币不仅仅没有什么特别的价值,而且在商品的交换中它本身根本没有价值。它拥有的只是法律所赋予它的价值。


So fiat money is money which is intrinsically worthless. And its value exists by virtue 2 of the fact that it is generally acceptable. And fiat money, needless to say, is one of the most mysterious inventions of the human mind, and no economist 3 has managed to explain exactly why it is that people will generally accept something as valuable when it clearly has no value other than that which it is decreed to have.


因此,名义货币从它的本质来说实际上一钱不值。它的价值只在于它能够获得普遍的接受。毫无疑问,名义货币是人类最神奇的发明之一。任何经济学家都还无法确切解释,为什么人们能够把一种除了法定的价值外显然没有任何价值的东西作为宝贵的东西来普遍接受。


简单概括来说,名义货币实际上是把货币形态象征化,也就是货币的实体与额面价值分离,货币代表的价值大于货币本身材料的价值。


这也就是为什么每当出现了金融动荡的时候,人们就会纷纷把手里的钞票兑换成老式的、本身拥有价值的货币,比如金银等贵重金属。


下面我们再完整听一遍哈珀教授谈话的原文。(略)


我们刚才谈的是名义货币,也叫法定货币,英文是 Fiat money。


现代社会中还有另外一种形态的货币,叫做 Credit money,信用货币。随着商品流通的发达,货币与商品交易有了时间的间隔,出现了所谓的延期交易,因而也就有了债权债务契约,也就是买卖当事人之间或借贷双方的信用关系。尽管信用货币这一形态早已在人类历史上出现,但只是在不久以前它才得到广泛的使用。


信用货币也就是信用手段- credit instrument,或者说是一种当事人双方或多方都接受的信用安排。它包括用以取得信贷的文件、合同或支票、期票、借据等等。澳大利亚墨尔本大学商学院的哈珀教授解释说:


A credit instrument is an obligation. And it's used as money because it has value. And the value that it has, of course, is a value which is based upon its credit-worthiness 4, in other words, how much credit or how much credence 5 people give to the promise which is actually written down. What I'm receiving or using as an instrument for money purposes is somebody else's obligation. Their preparedness to do something for me which might be to give me fiat money. That could be the promise which is incorporated in the cheque or the bill of exchange.


哈珀教授在他的讲话中说到了这样两个词汇:


credit instrument 信用手段,信用安排
credit - worthiness 信贷价值,信用声誉


哈珀教授说, 信用手段是一种契约。它可以被当作货币使用是因为它也有价值。当然,它的价值是建立在它的信用声誉之上的。换句话说,也就是要看人们能够给予这些写成文字的保证多大程度的信任。我作为货币收取的票据文件是对方的一种债务契约,是保证他们准备为我做一些事,比如要支付给我法定货币。这种保证可能会以支票或汇票的方式来体现。


下面我们再听一遍哈珀教授的这段讲话。(略)


今天我们谈了名义货币和信用货币。现在我们把今天涉及的几个关键的英文词汇再复习一遍:
1 fiat money 名义货币,法定货币
2 credit money 信用货币
3 credit instrument 信用手段,信用安排
4 credit - worthiness 信贷价值,信用声誉


在结束这一讲前,我们再听一遍墨尔本大学商学院哈珀教授介绍名义货币和信用货币的两段谈话。


这一讲澳洲广播电台中文部制作的金融世界节目到这里就结束了,谢谢您的收听。
 



1 fiat
n.命令,法令,批准;vt.批准,颁布
  • The opening of a market stall is governed by municipal fiat.开设市场摊位受市政法令管制。
  • He has tried to impose solutions to the country's problems by fiat.他试图下令强行解决该国的问题。
2 virtue
n.德行,美德;贞操;优点;功效,效力
  • He was considered to be a paragon of virtue.他被认为是品德尽善尽美的典范。
  • You need to decorate your mind with virtue.你应该用德行美化心灵。
3 economist
n.经济学家,经济专家,节俭的人
  • He cast a professional economist's eyes on the problem.他以经济学行家的眼光审视这个问题。
  • He's an economist who thinks he knows all the answers.他是个经济学家,自以为什么都懂。
4 worthiness
价值,值得
  • It'satisfies the spraying robot's function requirement and has practical worthiness. " 运行试验表明,系统工作稳定可靠,满足了喷雾机器人的功能要求,具有实用价值。
  • The judge will evaluate the worthiness of these claims. 法官会评估这些索赔的价值。
5 credence
n.信用,祭器台,供桌,凭证
  • Don't give credence to all the gossip you hear.不要相信你听到的闲话。
  • Police attach credence to the report of an unnamed bystander.警方认为一位不知姓名的目击者的报告很有用。
学英语单词
affiliatory
alphatic mercuration
angiocardiograms
antineutropenic
Apneumony
Arapiles
argentocyanide
Aufkirch
biathlon
bigamously
blown someone off
cactoids
carandente
catalytic amount
clean-up operation
coil dissipation
colloidal mud
colter drill
computer assisted personal interviewing
Constantine-Silvanus
cottonwoods
current indicator lamp
daryaganj
DB list
delay-line helix
discrete maximum principle
dussert
electro-thermal equivalent
electronic millsecondmeter
Epilast
equivalent articulation loss
Eritrichium spathulatum
exactly right
extended port
false impression
fine-mapping
flabellinids
gamma radiometer in borehole
genetic differences
Hammond postulate
high-temperature-oxidation resistant coating
hollow stalk
HWL (hot water line)
indicator plankton
Kalkchabasit
Knoop hardness
lag wood screw
lambdoid suture
limp standard
Manganoandalusite
Meyer atomic volume curve
minimum wall thickness
mnemonic instruction code
multiplatinum
Neumann method
nicalex
occidentalol
ochterus marginatus
optimal Bayes control
oscillator stage
outgoing current
peachwort
photoelectric tristimulus colorimetry
plastic mortar
plastic-faced plywood
polyether ester thermoplastic elastomer
pootas
prices guard wire
print line length
production force
progress variable
pseudoinclusion
quality ranges
repetitive transportation
ring-shaped placenta
Roan Mountain
roll-tech
Rubik's cubist
saline contamination
Sc. D. Med.
scotist
section column
sexadecimal number
split pin for set piston rod
spring free end
staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome
Strunian Stage
subflare kernel
superantigenicity
telepherage
temperature vibration
the deceased
three-step
to go out
tombolas
travel bag
two-periods
vermiculture
wave shaping electronics
woman power
yeast autolysate