新概念英语85年上外美音版第四册 第18课

　　Lesson 18 The Social Founction of Science 科学的社会作用

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific in industry. One is the general atmosphere of secrecy 1 in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual research worker. In so far as any inquiry 2 is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or even , often enough , in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies considerably 3. Some of the bigger firms are engaged in researches which are of such general and fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes. This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the whole nature of the research  cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance,  have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling 4 to have their names entered as having taken out such and such a book for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the kind of research they are likely to be undertaking 5.

weigh 起作用

(1) 称重：I weigh 100 pounds. I am 100 pounds in weight.  How much do you weight?

What is your weight?

(2)起作用：It weighs much.这相当重要=matters

(3)对谁有利： weigh in favor of     be weighed in favor of    load in favor of

be loaded in favor of

(4)对谁不利：be weighed against    load/be loaded against

The jugement weighs in favor of the defendant 6.(被告)   原告：plaintiff

effectiveness 成效

work.,effective(有效果的)   efficient高效的   effect：come into effect, take effect

in so far as 因此

since, in that,  as for as sb, is concerned

赞成：sgree ,support ,stant by your side

inquiry 调查研究

investigation(case)

examination(有症结所在作为前提)

check(不清楚有无毛病)

research(科研)

inquiry into(scientific, a case)

inquire into sth.

inquire about(formal)

inquire after sb.

considerably相当的

程度词   considerate:体贴的， 考虑周到的

sb.+thoughtful, helpful, cooperative

considerable+sth.

I make considerable money.(=substantial)

positive 确实的

The result is positive.  His words are positively 7 right. 只做程度副词

He is positive in the class.(活跃、积累)  positive:成阳性的

patent 获得…专利权

My invention is patented.  I’ll/I’d like to paten my invention.

获得：take out a patent  专利局 patent office 专利人：patentee  专利权许可者

(adj.)明显的，显著的=obvious   It is patent that he loves the girl.

seek for 寻求

seek for freedom    seek truth    seek for true love  seek for justice   seek after(指人) 过去分词:sought

He is much sought after. 抢手 红得发紫    The book is sought after.畅销

chance 偶然性的

It is my chance discovery.随便得到   chance companion萍水相逢

偶然发现的东西 I find it by chance. I chance to be there.

extent 程度

to some extent /degree

agent 情报人员

be likely to…可能会…..

it+possible   it/sb.+likely     可能性：likelihood

Two factors:两个因素   weigh against:不利   heavily-副词 effectiveness:效果 给出主题句

general secrecy 普遍存在的保密性   atmosphere:氛围，气氛   it-research

One …,the other the tack 8 of freedom of the individual research worker.

只有并列结构可以省掉谓语

My brother is a driver and my sister a nurse.

lack of freedom 没有自由度(个体区别)

general atmosphere(大环境)

research worker:研究者

In so far as 由于，因为

主语it-resarch     limit=prewent:阻止，限制    engaged in---后置定语

limit from :阻止   contact 交流  effective有效的  fellow scientists同行

often enough 平凡  firm公司

contact with保持联系   (v.) contact me   (n.)keep contact with me

touch    keep in tuch

vary变化=is diffient   It varies from one family to another.

be of 结构     general普遍的，基础的  fundamental基础的

such…..that

a positive advantage-主语

to them 对他们而言

it---not to keep them secret(形式主语)

be open to any advice and suggestion

yet-转折    process研究过程    such research---general and fundamental

are sought for被追求表示状语：with complete secrecy

until:直到   industries:各个行业

where…..---表原因     chance discoveries:偶然的发现

part：作用     they do---chance discoveries

highly predictable高度可预测性     go to达到

such….that如此,以至于    nature本性，特点

for instance 比如说（插入语）

have great difficulty in obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries…..

他们有极大困难获得专业的科普书籍

difficulty=trouble   have a difficulty=unwilling to do sth.

they are unwilling to 他们不想这样做

enter进入，签名sign签名=have sth. done

have taken out借书  for fear(虚拟)唯恐，担心    trace踪迹

have a difficulty in =unwilling to do sth.不愿做…..

I have a difficulty shopping with you.(强调客观性)

=I am unwilling to shop with you.(更强调主观性)

as 作为   for fear唯恐（一见这个词，就是虚拟语气）

in case , lest+(should ) do

so as not to (口)

trace=find:发现    trace the route:寻觅踪迹

undertaking(=carry out) 从事     Cheshire:郡=county

to such an extent 达到如此的效果

The student goes to such an extent that he is rude to his teacher.