英语听力—环球英语 1413 Finding Cancer Early

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　　Welcome to Spotlight 1. I’m Joshua Leo.
 
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　　And I’m Liz Waid. Spotlight uses a special English method of broadcasting. It is easier for people to understand - no matter where in the world they live.
 
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　　During one holiday, Johanna Poole and her family received some bad news. You may recognize her name. That is because Johanna is a Spotlight writer. Happily Johanna’s story has a happy ending. Johanna told Spotlight about her experience.
 
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　　“One Christmas holiday, my family had gathered at my sister’s house. We were talking and having fun together. The babies played on the floor at our feet. We opened presents and laughed at jokes.
 
　　Then my father told us that he needed to say something.  We could tell from his voice that something was wrong. He had recently visited his doctor. The doctor had done many tests of my father’s health. But one thing was not normal. My father had cancer. A simple blood test had found the cancer. We were very frightened. But my father was hopeful 2. Later that month, he had surgery 3. The doctor removed the cancer.”
 
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　　This is a common story for many people. But there are people and groups that are developing 4 new tests for cancer. One of these groups is the Canary Foundation 5. They believe that early discovery of cancer is the key to keeping people healthy. Today’s Spotlight is on the Canary Foundation.
 
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　　Johanna’s father had prostate cancer. This cancer affects a part of the male reproductive system. Many men get prostate cancer, especially as they get older.  But in the United 6 States, 99% of prostate cancer patients survive. They live many years after their treatment. This is for one simple reason: a simple blood test can identify prostate cancer early, before it becomes a major problem.
 
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　　There are many kinds of cancer.  People can have cancer of the skin, breast 7, brain, and many other parts of the body. But most cancers do not have a simple test like the tests for prostate cancer. Doctors do not know about the cancer until the patient becomes sick.
 
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　　The Canary Foundation believes that doctors should be able to catch all cancers early. Don Listwin started the Canary Foundation in 2004.  Listwin started the foundation after his mother died of ovarian cancer. Her name was Grace 8.
 
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　　Grace had been sick. She had visited doctors. But the doctors believed she had a simple infection 9. They gave her antiobiotic medicines. These medicines did not help her. Finally, they discovered the real cause of Grace’s sickness – cancer. But it was too late. The cancer was then too large. She only lived for twelve more months.
 
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　　It is common for doctors to miss the signs of cancer like this.  Doctors often do not have enough information to find cancer early. Cancer attacks hidden places in the body. Doctors cannot see it. Tests for cancer may be difficult, painful or cost a lot of money. Don Listwin wanted to provide doctors with the information they needed to find cancer early. So he started the Canary Foundation.
 
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　　The Canary Foundation is named for canary birds. Listwin gave the foundation this name for a very particular reason. Many years ago, workers brought canaries into mines.  Sometimes poisonous gases filled the air in the mines.  The miners 11 could not smell or see the gas.  They did not know they were breathing poison 10.  But the canary would smell the gas first and die.  When the miners saw the dead birds, they knew they had to leave the mine.
 
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　　Canaries helped to save lives by finding 12 the gas early.  The Canary Foundation hopes to save lives by finding cancer early. Many cancer organizations spend money on research. But Listwin noticed that these organizations concentrated 13 on cures for cancer - not on finding cancer early.  When doctors discover cancer later, it is more difficult to treat and cure.
 
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　　The Canary Foundation aims to do things differently. They support researchers and scientists. These scientists are creating simple tests to find cancer early. The first step is searching for biomarkers.  These signs appear in a person’s body. The biomarkers tell the doctor that something is wrong.  For example, prostate cancer can be found by looking at a patient’s blood.  Particular chemicals in the blood tell the doctor that the patient might have cancer.  The doctor then looks for the cancer using other tools.
 
　　Sara Dean 14 is a researcher for the Canary Foundation. She told Spotlight,
 
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　　“If you want to catch cancer early, while doctors can still treat it, you have to find biomarkers that show up before a person is sick.”
 
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　　Biomarkers can be in liquids from a person’s body - like blood, liquid waste, and spit 15 from a mouth. Or they can be found in other parts of a person’s body. Doctors can discover these biomarkers by performing many kinds of tests.  A doctor may use equipment like a medical scanner to see inside a patient’s body.  He looks for particular information that shows the patient may have cancer.
 
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　　Some people have a higher risk of cancer.  For example, smokers 16 often get lung cancer.  Or, people who spend a lot of time in the sun have a higher risk of skin cancer. This information is helpful in finding cancer early. But some very healthy people get cancer without warning 17.
 
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　　This was the case with Charmaine Atkenson. In 2006, doctors told Charmaine that she had lung cancer.  She was shocked.  How could she have lung cancer?  She never smoked cigarettes. She did not live or work with anyone who smoked cigarettes.
 
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　　For years, Charmaine’s doctors never took an x-ray of her chest 18.  They never tested her lungs to see if they were healthy.  She did not smoke cigarettes, so her risk of lung cancer was very low.  This delay 19 gave the cancer time to grow and spread.  The cancer became stronger. When Charmaine’s doctors found her cancer, she was already very sick. Charmaine received many treatments. These treatments would help her live longer, but they cannot kill the cancer. If doctors had found the cancer earlier, they may have been able to kill it.
 
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　　For many cancers, finding them early is very important. If doctors find cancer late, the survival 20 rate is only 10%.  But if doctors find cancer early, the survival rate is around 90%. Remember Johanna, from the beginning of this program? She told Spotlight,
 
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　　“My father is now strong and healthy.  He rides his bicycle, plays tennis, and takes long walks.  His cancer did not change these things. He can live a normal life.”
 
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　　This is the hope for every person around the world who gets this terrible disease 21.
 
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　　The writer of this program was Johanna Poole. The producer was Michio Ozaki. The voices you heard were from the United States and the United Kingdom. All quotes 22 were adapted for this program and voiced by Spotlight. You can listen to this program again, and read it, on the internet at http://www.radioenglish.net This .program is called, ‘Finding Cancer Early’.
 
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　　We hope you can join us again for the next Spotlight program. Goodbye.