时间:2018-12-19 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

   托福阅读的问题,归根结底就是读不懂:文章读不懂,或者问题和选项读不懂。一切所谓的解题技巧也是为了帮助我们读懂,而不是在读不懂文章的基础上仍然能够解题。在一篇700多单词的文章中,“读懂”从上到下分成三个维度:读懂文章(小结题考察重点)、读懂段落(修辞目的题、否定事实题、推断题考察重点)、和读懂句子(事实信息题、简化题考察重点)。那今天柚子老师来带大家从最基本的读懂句子讲起:怎样读懂一个句子?认识单词叫读懂吗?不认识词就一定读不懂吗?读懂句子在解题中究竟有多重要呢?我们来一一解答上面的问题。


  在托福阅读的框架中讨论读懂句子的方法,那么一定逃不开句子简化题。这个题型是对我们是否能读懂句子最直接的考察。我们先来看一下这个题型的提问方式:
  Which of the sentences below best expressthe essential information in the highlighted sentences in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essentialinformation.
  这个题型要求我们选出表达高亮句“核心信息”的选项,所以我们在做题时,第一步就是要读出原句的核心信息,第二步再将这个核心信息与选项一一比对,排除核心含义不符的选项。而对于任何一个句子来说,它内容上的核心一般与语法上的主干相对应。所以做题时,我们可以略读句子的次要信息,先抓住主干和核心进行排除。下面,我们将用两个一易一难的题目,来具体讲解这个思路,帮助大家掌握阅读句子的方法。大家在看分析之前,一定要自己先思考选出答案哦。
  例题1:TPO9 Passage1 Colonizing 1 the Americas via the Northwest Coast (Paragraph 3)
  Fladmark’s hypothesis received additionalsupport from the fact that the greatest diversity in native American languages occurs along the west coast of the Americas, suggesting that this region has been settled the longest.
  A. Because this region has been settled the longest, it also displays the greatest diversity in Native American languages.
  B. Fladmark’s hypothesis states thatthe west coast of the Americas has been settled longer than any other region.
  C. The fact that the greatest diversity of Native Americas languages occurs along thewest coast of the Americas lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis.
  D. According to Fladmark, Native American languages have survived the longest along west coast of the Americas.
  下面,大家来校对一下答案吧,这题的正确答案应该是C. 我们一起来看看该如何分析吧:
  我们遵循以上的做题思路:
  1. 读出原句的基本含义,既语法上的主谓宾。在原句中,主语是Fladmark’s hypothesis,谓语动词是receive,宾语是support.在support之后的from the fact是一个介词短语,属于次要信息。而在fact之后由that引导的同位语从句旨在阐述fact的具体内容,也属于次要信息。所以这句话最中心的意思就是Fladmark’s hypothesis received support(假设得到了支持).
  2. 接下来,我们就需要将上面读出的句子的中心含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除啦。
  ? 我们先看A选项。A选项的前半句是一个原因状语从句,属于次要信息,该句的主干是itdisplays the greatest diversity(它展现了最大的多样性),核心明显与原句不相符,直接排除。
  ? 然后,我们看B选项。B选项的主干是Fladmark’s hypothesis statethat…(假设表明…),that之后引导宾语从句,阐述“表明”的具体内容,核心也没有提到“假设被支持”,直接排除。
  ? 接下来我们看C选项。C的主语是Thefact. 这个句子的谓语动词很多同学会找错。在fact之后是that引导的同位语从句,occur是从句中的动词,而这个句子主句的谓语动词是lends. 所以这句话的结构是Thefact that…lends strength to Fladmark’s hypothesis(事实借给假说力量),与原句主要信息相同,作为备选答案。
  ? 最后,我们来看一下D选项。D选项的主语是NativeAmerican language,动词是survive, 所以D选项的主要含义是NativeAmerican languages have survived the longest(本土美国语言存活最久),也与原句的核心含义不相符,排除。
  3. 所以这个题,通过读懂句子的主要信息,我们就可以直接选出C答案了。
  做完第一题呢,我来给大家总结一下。对于任何一个句子来说,不论是大家自己阅读,还是做简化题,亦或是做其他题型,我们都要抓住句子的重点、理解作者要表达的观点(readfor imformation and comprehension),做到筛选出并读懂句子的核心,这样才能理解作者思想、做对题目。对于次要信息(状语、定语、介词短语等),我们可以读,但是它们绝不是我们理解的重点。
  那接下来,我们再做一道难度稍微大一些的简化题。大家仍然要自己先思考,再看解析哦。
  例题2:TPO40 Passage2 Latitude 2 and Biodiversity (Paragraph 2)
  The tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes 3—a fact that is not always evident when we examine commonly used projections 4 of Earth’s curved surface, sincethis tends to exaggerate the areas of land in the higher latitudes—and somebiogeographers regard the differences in diversity as a reflection of thiseffect.
  A. Some biogeographers believethat the tropics have large surface areas than they actually do because of thedistortions produced by projections of Earth’s curved surface.
  B. High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact that the tropics have moresurface area of land than the higher latitudes do, though distortions incommonly used projections may seem to suggest otherwise.
  C. Because biogeographersdisagree on whether or not the tropics are correctly represented in projectionsof Earth’ssurface, it is difficult to determine the relationship their surface area hasto their diversity.
  D. Most biogeographers agreethat the tropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudesdo, but they disagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is areflection of that larger surface area.
  这一题的正确答案选B,大家选对了吗?根据之前讲的步骤,我们来分析这个题的原句:
  1. 读出原句的基本含义:这个题的原句非常长,但是我们可以略去两个省略号之间表示解释的内容。我们发现,该句话是一个and连接的并列句,有两套主谓结构。所以,我们在理清句子基本含义的时候,要注意这个句子是有两套主干,也就是有两层重要信息的,而这两层信息,是同等重要、缺一不可的。第一层是Thetropics contain a larger surface area of land than higher latitudes(热带包含比高纬度更大的表面积),第二层是biogeographersregard the differences in diversity as a reflection of this effect(生物地理学家把多样性的不同看做面积不同的反映)。
  2. 接下来,我们把这两层含义跟选项进行一一比对和排除。
  ? 首先我们来看一下A选项。A选项的主语是biogeographers,谓语动词是believe,宾语是一个that引导的从句thetropics have large surface areas than they actually do(热带的面积比它们实际上大),这句话与原句的第一层重要意思不相符,而且选项A也没有写到第二层重要信息,所以直接排除。
  ? 接着,我们看B选项。B选项的主语干是High levels of diversity inthe tropics are sometimes attributed to the fact (热带高的多样性被归因于一个事实),在“fact”的后面是一个同位语从句,表明这个事实的具体内容:thetropics have more surface area of land than the higher latitudes do(热带的表面局比高纬度大),这样原句的两层重要含义都体现在该选项之中了,后半句的though引导让步状语从句,属于次要信息。所以B选项暂时保留。
  ? 然后我们来分析C选项。C选项的前半句是一个because引导的原因状语从句,属于次要信息,我们可以暂且忽略。然后往后看到句子的主干:itis difficult to determine the relationship their surface area has to theirdiversity(很难决定表面积与多样性的关系),这里缺乏了原句中的第一层重要信息,第二层重要信息也说错了,直接排除。
  ? 我们最后看一下D选项。D选项也是一个并列句,由转折连接词But连接。在but之前的小分句对应了原句的第一层意思,然而在But之后,theydisagree on whether or not the tropics’ level of diversity is a reflection of thatlarger surface area的意思是“他们不同意热带的多样性是否是表面积的反应”与原句第二层重要意思不符合。
  3. 那么复合原句两层重要信息的就只有B选项了。
  通过以上两个题目,我们可以看到,在做简化题时,我们最重要的思路是抓住一个句子的重点,这样做题准确率高而且速度很快。在托福阅读的其他题型中,句子的理解也是必不可少的,但是我们的阅读句子方法仍然跟上面所写的一样:抓住核心信息,详略结合地阅读。这种阅读的方法不仅仅适用于各种考试,也是我们再自己阅读小说、课本以及各种读物时所应该做到的。
  希望通过这两个题目的分析,大家掌握了做句子简化题的思路,也对句子理解有一些感悟。作为学霸的你,记得也要记下这两句话的生词哦,这里的词都是托福阅读常见词汇呢!

1 colonizing
v.开拓殖民地,移民于殖民地( colonize的现在分词 )
  • The art of colonizing is no exception to the rule. 殖民的芸术是� 有特例的。 来自互联网
  • A Lesson for Other Colonizing Nations. 其它殖民国家学习的教训。 来自互联网
2 latitude
n.纬度,行动或言论的自由(范围),(pl.)地区
  • The latitude of the island is 20 degrees south.该岛的纬度是南纬20度。
  • The two cities are at approximately the same latitude.这两个城市差不多位于同一纬度上。
3 latitudes
纬度
  • Latitudes are the lines that go from east to west. 纬线是从东到西的线。
  • It was the brief Indian Summer of the high latitudes. 这是高纬度地方的那种短暂的晚秋。
4 projections
预测( projection的名词复数 ); 投影; 投掷; 突起物
  • Their sales projections are a total thumbsuck. 他们的销售量预测纯属估计。
  • The council has revised its projections of funding requirements upwards. 地方议会调高了对资金需求的预测。
标签: 托福阅读
学英语单词
acceptable product
alligator grasses
anadimonia latigasciata
anisotropic exchange interaction
antrustions
asteatosis cutis
Atari
ayacut
B flat
bacliff
be a sucker for
birthcoat
centrifugal collector
charolette
Clement Attlee
commemorative architecture
comunales
conn-selmer
copy service
counter tympanic membrane
dinas powys
discursative
disosquinone
Egbunda
Eight Masters of Nanjing
end-diastolic pressure
etched circuit board
false chanterelle
firm-jawed
formosan masked civet
function module
gaetanus brevicornis
genus falcatifoliums
gingivitis scorbutic
gravisphere
grindelwalds
hapus
hemopiesic diuretic
hopper chute washout drum
Imazaquin
instantaneous power spectrum density
ion-ion recombination
kerzinite
licensee estopple
lining cracking
logarithmic time scale
logic line group
mail transport
maksud
mino-aleviatin
Montenay
multiple-pin-hole camera
natural ventilation pressure
Ndugu
non-candidacy
nonminority
nudie pic
obstructively
outreasons
parallel stays
partisis
planning game
platydoras
pleurivalve
portable riveting forge
posthouse
postriders
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rectopexies
relative wall thickness
retamine
Rhodocapsa
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roller bumper
roman feuilleton
sand recycle system
segrin
semicoke
simplex pneumothorax
softshell clam
solid-state circuit technique
spiegls
star hand wheel
starboard inboard
steam-gas cavity
strike from the list
Stromateoidei
subdivision length
swiss danning
São Matias
take a class of
tergal valves
traffic classification
tranquiler
tsutsugamushi disease
vegfr
vertical zoning of water system
wennington
wire works
WO,W.O
wyis
zeomorph