时间:2019-02-21 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

   把握主旨题考察各段落主旨的这一特点非常重要,因为考察段落主旨就意味着无需站在全篇文章的高度来理解和做题,这样大大减小了难度。直白一点说,就是只需要关注文章局部段落,而不需要在意全局。这不同于老托福阅读里面每篇文章都有一道“What is the passage mainly about”这样的全文主旨题。这种变化可能是因为出题人意识到新托福阅读的文章大大加长,而且时间更加紧张,为了减小难度,不得以而为之的。但是这对我们来说却是一种幸福。


  明白了考察“段落”主旨之后,我们就可以像小学语文一样,进行概括段落大意的训练了。接下来我们必须清楚一个问题:什么是主旨?我对主旨下了这样的定义:
  主旨=主题+方向+关系词(无词阅读法的“三要素”)例1:《新概念第四册》第二课的第一段:
  Why you may wonder should spiders be our friends? Because they destroy so many insects, and insects include some of the greatest enemies of the human race. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world. They would devour 1 all our crops, and kill our flocks and herds 2, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals. We owe a lot to the birds and beasts who eat insects but all of them put together kill only a fraction of the number destroyed by spiders. Moreover, unlike some of the other insect-eaters, spiders never do the least harm to us or our belongings 3.
  这段话首句的主题很明显讲的是“spiders”,方向是“friends”(正向),合在一起就是主旨“蜘蛛是朋友”。从第二句话开始出现的关系词Because、and和Moreover都是在维持着首句的方向,所以即使关系词后面的具体内容由于存在生词(devour, flocks, herds等等)而看不太懂,也不会影响我们对段落主旨的把握。
  如果用直白的语言来解释“主题+方向+关系词”这三个要素,那就是:“主题”等于这段话讲的是个什么事物(spiders);方向是该事物是好是坏(friends);关系词(Because、and和Moreover)就是维持或者改变方向的一些标志。一旦我们善于把握这“三要素”,那么阅读速度将变得立刻提高,因为除了这“三要素”之外的细节如果包含着个别生词,我们也可以忽略不计了,从而实现了“无词阅读”的境界。
  如何掌握主旨(How)
  阅读英语段落的时候,应该是“匀速阅读”还是“变速阅读”呢?当然是“变速阅读”!这样我们才能做到阅读时的详略得当。但是,“变速阅读”是“先快后慢”还是“先慢后快”呢?这就要从英语的思维方式说起。
  英语倾向于先说重要的还是先说次要的?我们来看看英语与汉语的思维方式差异。
  汉语族人的思维方式是“螺旋式”的,喜欢画龙点睛,我们称之为“Save the best for the last”。而英语族人的思维方式是“直线式”的,喜欢直入主题,我们称之为“Say what you want to say, then say why”。
  这样一比较,大家应该马上明白了阅读英语段落的要领:变速阅读,先慢后快,精读首句,浏览全段。据统计,70%-80%的英语段落都是首句是主题句。所以,以后阅读英语段落,应该先精读首句(把握首句的“主题”和“方向”),再浏览全段(把握全段的“关系词”),才能实现快速阅读。而很多同学以前阅读的时候,要么就是倾向于到段落结尾找主题句(这主要是受了汉语思维方式的影响),要么就干脆把有限的精力平均分配到一段话内部的每个单词和每个句子,而忽略了主次关系,没有详略得当地阅读。
  例2:
  All these activities may have damaging environmental impacts. For example, land clearing for agriculture is the largest single cause of deforestation; chemical fertilisers and pesticides 4 may contaminate water supplies; more intensive farming and the abandonment of fallow periods tend to exacerbate 5 soil erosion; and the spread of monoculture and use of high-yielding varieties of crops have been accompanied by the disappearance 6 of old varieties of food plants which might have provided some insurance against pests or diseases in future. Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries. The United States, where the most careful measurements have been done, discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. The country subsequently embarked 7 upon a program to convert 11 per cent of its cropped land to meadow or forest. Topsoil in India and China is vanishing much faster than in America.
  精读首句:主题是“environmental impacts”,方向是“damaging”(负向),主旨是“环境影响是破坏性的”。浏览全段:举例关系词For example本身就说明是在维持着首句的方向,而且四个并列的分句也证明了这一点。那么,即便是后面的具体内容不看了,只要没有出现大的转折关系,这段话的主旨就肯定是首句的“环境影响是破坏性的”。
  例3:
  Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays,like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel,a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work;it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the play--the scenery, lighting,and costumes--will affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the play’s effect on the audience.
  精读首句:主题是“drama”和“literature”,方向是“a branch”,主旨是“戏剧与文学的相同点”,而且因果关系词because和类比关系词like都是维持方向的。浏览全段:转折关系词However说明方向发生了改变,说明主旨是“戏剧与文学是不同的”。对比关系词Unlike也证明了比较的是不同点。所以,第二句话是该段的主题句。
  当然,“主题+方向+关系词”这三个要素在一个段落里面并非一定同时存在。例如,有些说明性段落里面可能只有主题,没有方向。还有很多段落是没有关系词的。但是,总体上来说,这三个要素是我们理解一个段落主旨所必需的最基本条件,需要我们尽量把握。
 

v.吞没;贪婪地注视或谛听,贪读;使着迷
  • Larger fish devour the smaller ones.大鱼吃小鱼。
  • Beauty is but a flower which wrinkle will devour.美只不过是一朵,终会被皱纹所吞噬。
兽群( herd的名词复数 ); 牧群; 人群; 群众
  • Regularly at daybreak they drive their herds to the pasture. 每天天一亮他们就把牲畜赶到草场上去。
  • There we saw herds of cows grazing on the pasture. 我们在那里看到一群群的牛在草地上吃草。
n.私人物品,私人财物
  • I put a few personal belongings in a bag.我把几件私人物品装进包中。
  • Your personal belongings are not dutiable.个人物品不用纳税。
n.杀虫剂( pesticide的名词复数 );除害药物
  • vegetables grown without the use of pesticides 未用杀虫剂种植的蔬菜
  • There is a lot of concern over the amount of herbicides and pesticides used in farming. 人们对农业上灭草剂和杀虫剂的用量非常担忧。 来自《简明英汉词典》
v.恶化,增剧,激怒,使加剧
  • WMO says a warming climate can exacerbate air pollution.世界气象组织说,气候变暖可能会加剧空气污染。
  • In fact efforts will merely exacerbate the current problem.实际上努力只会加剧当前的问题。
n.消失,消散,失踪
  • He was hard put to it to explain her disappearance.他难以说明她为什么不见了。
  • Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语。
乘船( embark的过去式和过去分词 ); 装载; 从事
  • We stood on the pier and watched as they embarked. 我们站在突码头上目送他们登船。
  • She embarked on a discourse about the town's origins. 她开始讲本市的起源。
标签: 托福 阅读
学英语单词
acidise
area of permanent high pressure
assaultable
automatic reorder
backing welding
bananeros
be best friends
brainge
cable stitch
caffeinated water
carpophthoarcidia matsumotoi
chloramine T
cleidooccipital
communal dance form (israel)
computer aided part programming
conceptual prospect
d'andrea
debris dump
Demanda, Sa.de la
Dextraven
differential piece rate system
diffraction micrometer
diplomatic dispatches
dischanging arch
distortor Oris
dornstein
dribble from jet
ducted-fan jet engine
e-n
eco-conscious
electric thermos flask
electrosensitive
elkertons
environmental specification
finger-press method
fixed-factors
Ghanian monetary unit
Gilheney
granulomatous gastritis
ground checkout system
hairbreadth escape
herba cistanches
hustle sb into doing sth
inertia reel
insulation fault
internal war
iodine catgut
Klanxbüll
Kongsfjord
language, description
laryngeal
leaked memo
learn more
linemen's hammer
long - term exposure
metastable circuit
micro-pressure gauge
molecular folding
neuroskeletal
non-starters
number record printer
oil catch ring
okanoganite-(Y)
onychatrophia
outside wiring
ozon
para-autochthonous
park-way
paulies
payment of claims
personal insult
picrete
pieceworker
plain rolled glass
plaripolar
prayer book
put salt up on someone's tail
radio intercept station
radix convallariae
rate of cooling-air flow
rate of damage of goods
red-weed
reliability of service
rest bar
rotary piston engine housing
scale-free
scrap web
shoot on the spot
sphere gap measurement
split-word operatoin
statistical independenet event
steinboks
supercarbon steel
tapotements
Tigre, Sa.
Umkehr effect
unbungs
uninspiringly
water tight riveting
whc
writs
yellow streak