时间:2019-02-20 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

 正如大家所知,托福写作的评分是由机器评分与人工评分共同完成的。对此,ETS官网是这样描述的:


The TOEFL test uses automated 1 scoring to complement 2 human scoring for the two tasks in the Writing section. Combining human judgment 3 for content and meaning, and automated scoring for linguistic 4 features, ensures consistent, quality scores. http://www.ets.org/toefl/ibt/scores?WT.ac=toeflhome_scores_121127
由此可见,TOEFL的综合写作以及独立写作评分同时使用机器自动评分和人工评分,其中,人工评分看的是文章的内容和意义,而机器评分看的是文章的语言特征。采取两种评分方式,是为了保证评分的一致性和质量。
一、E-rater的评分标准
(一)审查语言特征
从ETS官网的描述中可以看出托福写作会有机器专门来看文章的语言,而机器看语言跟人工看语言是有区别的。人在看文章语言的时候多半还是以印象为主,而不会去细致数每一个单词,也不会去计算文章有多少个句子。但如果是机器评分,机器可以更精确地计算出文本中的语言特征。来看看ETS官网对机器评分具体会看的语言特征的描述:
The e-rater engine predicts essay scores based on features related to writing quality, including:
1.errors in grammar (e.g., subject-verb agreement)
2.usage (e.g., preposition selection)
3.mechanics (e.g., capitalization)
4.style (e.g., repetitious word use)
5.discourse 5 structure (e.g., presence of a thesis statement, main points)
6.vocabulary usage (e.g., relative sophistication of vocabulary)
可见,e-rater 是根据以下特征来判定作文的打分:
1.语法错误(例如,主谓一致)
2.词汇使用(例如,介词搭配)
3.机械性错误(例如,单词大小写,拼写,单词缩写,标点符号)
4.文风 (例如,单词重复使用)
5.文本结构(例如,有文章主题句以及段落主题句)
6.词汇高级型(e.g.使用相对较复杂的词汇)
从上面的描述来看,机器评分会审查文章语言的各方面,且机器可以精准地计算出文章出现的语法错误(想一想平时用word写英文时,稍微有点小错误就会有红线、绿线出现,何况是专门看语言错误的e-rater,它只会对语法错误更为敏感)。
机器也可以精准地计算出每一个单词在文章中重复出现的次数以此来计算出文章的 vocabulary diversity (词汇多样性);机器还可以计算出文章中的从句个数,平均句长,以此来计算文章的sentence variety(句法多样性);机器可以检查出文章的主题句,也就意味着我们在写文章时,不管是开头段还是主题段都一定要突出主题句;机器也可以通过与普通词汇作对比来判断文章是否有使用高级词汇以及使用了多少高级词汇,这就需要我们平时要多积累相对复杂的学术词汇并学会正确使用在文章中。
(二)审查是否跑题
除此之外,机器评分还可以检查出文章是否有跑题:
The e-rater engine can also automatically detect responses that are off-topic or otherwise anomalous 6, and therefore should not be scored.
e-rater 一旦判定文章为跑题文章,文章很可能会直接判为零分,因为机器会自动认为此篇文章不需要再加以评分。这将意味着学员审题至关重要,因为审题如果不准,就可能会导致跑题。
除此之外,在写作时我们也要主要重复题目中的topics,例如,如果考试时遇到题目Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is more important for the government to spend money on improving Internet access than on public transportation.不管我们的观点是选择Internet access还是选择public transportation,在写作时Internet access和public transportation都要提及,因为它们同为题目的topic。
二、写作时的注意事项
总结来看,如果想在托福的机器评分中取得高分,我们在写作时要特别注意以下几点:
1.写作时题目中的topic词汇一定要在文章中出现,以避免被机器判为跑题
2.写作时要清楚写出表达观点的主题句以及主体段的主题句
3.要尽可能避免各种语言错误包括拼写、标点符号、大小写以及缩写错误
4.要提高文章词汇的多样性,尽量避免同一词汇(除topic词汇外)不断重复出现
5.要提高文章词汇的高级性,在平时要累积一些学术词汇并学会正确的使用方法
6.要提高句式多样性,多写各种从句或长句子

a.自动化的
  • The entire manufacturing process has been automated. 整个生产过程已自动化。
  • Automated Highway System (AHS) is recently regarded as one subsystem of Intelligent Transport System (ITS). 近年来自动公路系统(Automated Highway System,AHS),作为智能运输系统的子系统之一越来越受到重视。
n.补足物,船上的定员;补语;vt.补充,补足
  • The two suggestions complement each other.这两条建议相互补充。
  • They oppose each other also complement each other.它们相辅相成。
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
adj.语言的,语言学的
  • She is pursuing her linguistic researches.她在从事语言学的研究。
  • The ability to write is a supreme test of linguistic competence.写作能力是对语言能力的最高形式的测试。
n.论文,演说;谈话;话语;vi.讲述,著述
  • We'll discourse on the subject tonight.我们今晚要谈论这个问题。
  • He fell into discourse with the customers who were drinking at the counter.他和站在柜台旁的酒客谈了起来。
adj.反常的;不规则的
  • For years this anomalous behaviour has baffled scientists.几年来这种反常行为让科学家们很困惑。
  • The mechanism of this anomalous vascular response is unknown.此种不规则的血管反应的机制尚不清楚。
标签: 托福写作
学英语单词
3-Sulfoalanine
absolute and relative of contradiction
adenosin (A,Ado)
air-bag
allis shad
amblyproct
anterior-posterior points combination
average forecast
awake from
Ballygarrett
beam scale
Boltzmann's equation
booked stop
brand-marketing
brick condenser
Cayenne pepper grains
chaffee
Charpentier, Gustave
chromoleucites
classica
coal petrography
coleby
comparative adjectives
consumable electro arc furnace
Contrasto, Colle del
coral master (spain)
denitrated collodion
dosage compensation (muller 1932)
dried floral
drinkwaters
Egyptian furniture
enfoldings
evections
financial management initiative (fmi)
forward linkage
fourcher
general theory of relativities
genus proboscideas
gone through the mill
graphicomassa hanleyi
greenfinger
gyrosynchrotron radiation
hand den
have one's gruel
hearsease
heat-checking
hebecarpus
Hexamethyleneimine
hold paint
horsetrade
hypotensions
ink box
intragemmal nerve plexus
knock-out
lepay
levopropylhexedrine
liquid bitumen
lower light
manual catching
maximum recording thermometer
memoize
Mithren
mobard
model uncertainty
molecule-sized
morchellas
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nonaccepting
nuclear-electric propulsion
Obila
paper-disk chromatography
parallel play
paraspecific anti-venom
parent involvement
polishing wheel
priesthood
private-viewing
Puddle slut
put A into B
rationing system
re serve
re-entry profile
Received Pronunciation
round-up function
safety winding
Salmonella georgia
shifted diagonal
shopless
sinter rim
sluttifying
small-scale integration
space communication network
spacing container
split straw
sport esthetics
symbols of money
the-ch
tike
to grease
trial range
wave-number spectrum
zelenka