经济学人179:意大利担心最大的制造企业可能离开

 　　Fiat 1 and Italy

　　菲亚特和意大利
　　Arrivederci, Italia?
　　拜拜，意大利？
　　Italy worries that its biggest manufacturer may leave
　　意大利担心它最大的制造企业可能离开
　　Will they drum Fiat out of Italy?
　　他们抗议的鼓声会让菲亚特搬出意大利吗？
　　DUTY, history, and responsibility are what keep Fiat, Italy's biggest private-sector employer, based at home.
　　义务、历史和责任是让菲亚特，这个意大利最大的私营企业雇主留在意大利的原因。
　　Running counter to such fine notions, said the carmaker's boss, Sergio Marchionne, earlier this year, is Fiat's need to make decisions “rationally”.
　　这家汽车制造商的老板马尔乔内今年早些时候说，菲亚特需要背离这些良好信念从而做出“理性”抉择。
　　It has lost money in Italy for years.
　　菲亚特在意国内亏损已经有些年了。
　　It expects things to get worse as sales slump 2 at home.
　　随着本土销量萎缩，它预计情况还会更糟。
　　Small wonder that the country regularly goes into hysteria over whether Fiat will stay.
　　小部分人感叹在菲亚特去留的问题上该国经常抓狂。
　　Its takeover of Chrysler, an American carmaker, is one reason to worry.
　　菲亚特对美国汽车企业克莱斯勒的收购是担心的一个原因。
　　Fiat has not decided 3 whether the combined group's headquarters will be in Turin or Detroit.
　　菲亚特还没决定合并后的公司总部设在都灵还是底特律。
　　That may involve little more than a plaque 4 on the wall, as the company argues.
　　该公司声称这事就同如何在墙上挂牌匾一样无关宏旨。
　　But Fiat's manufacturing presence in Italy is under threat too.
　　但其在意大利的制造部门也面临威胁。
　　Despite earning two-thirds of its revenues abroad, it still has almost half its employees and 40% of its plants in Italy.
　　尽管2/3的营收来自国外，菲亚特仍有半数的员工和40%的工厂在意大利。
　　Mr Marchionne has repeatedly threatened to shutter 5 Italian capacity if he cannot make it productive.
　　马尔乔内已经很多次威胁说如果不能使其充分发挥效率，他就要缩减在意大利的产能。
　　On October 20th Consob, Italy's stockmarket regulator, demanded details of a 2010 plan called Fabbrica Italia, in which Fiat promised to invest 16 billion in its Italian plants over four years in return for new agreements on working conditions.
　　10月20日，意大利证监机构 Consob 索要了2010年一份叫做意大利制造的计划的详细资料，这份计划中菲亚特承诺4年内向其意大利工厂投资160亿欧元，以换取新的工作状况的协议。
　　As part of this plan, it is repatriating 6 production of the Panda, a small car, from Poland.
　　作为计划的一部分，菲亚特将把一款小车Panda从波兰搬回国内生产。
　　But Fiat has also changed some elements:
　　但它也改了一些内容：
　　two prestigious 7 models it was going to bring to its Mirafiori plant in Turin will be replaced with smaller cars.
　　原打算在都灵Mirafiori工厂生产的两款受欢迎的车型将被较小的车型取代。
　　Fiat rejected Consob's demands for more detail on the plan and attacked the regulator for asking for it publicly.
　　菲亚特拒绝了Consob提出的提供更多该计划细节的要求，并对此其公开索要的行为进行抨击。
　　Maurizio Landini, secretary-general of Fiom-Cgil, a metalworkers' union which has fought hard against Fiat's new working conditions, says his main fear is that Fabbrica Italia only exists on paper.
　　五金工人联合会Fiom-Cgil强烈反对菲亚特的新工作状况，该组织秘书长Landini说他主要担心意大利制造将只是一纸空文。
　　He claims that Fiat is basing the development of its most innovative 8 future projects, such as hybrid 9 and electric cars, in America.
　　他声称菲亚特正把其最有创造力的未来项目，如混合动力和电动车，的发展放在美国。
　　Fiat's Italian plants are 15-20% less efficient than those of competitors elsewhere in Europe.
　　菲亚特意大利工厂比欧洲其它竞争对手的效率低15-20%。
　　Its Polish, Serbian and Turkish plants run at more than 70% of their capacity, whereas Italian ones run at 33%.
　　其在波兰、塞尔维亚和土耳其的工厂的生产率超过产能的70%，而意大利的工厂只有33%。
　　Flexibility 10 has been the firm's main problem.
　　灵活性成了该公司最大的问题。
　　For example, if a car on one production line sold badly and a model on another line sold well Fiat could not move workers across under the old rules.
　　举例来说，如果一条生产线的车型销量不佳而另一条线的车型畅销的话，在旧模式下菲亚特无法进行工人的调配。
　　The firm's employees proved this year that they are ready to compete.
　　公司员工今年证明他们已经准备好进行竞争。
　　A majority at three Italian plants voted to accept new working practices and, apart from Fiom-Cgil, all unions signed the deal.
　　3家意大利工厂的大多数工人投票接受新的工作准则，并且除了Fiom-Cgil之外，其他公会都已签了协议。
　　At a long-shuttered plant near Turin that Fiat has bought from another carmaker, 89% of the idled workers voted for the changes despite Fiom-Cgil's strong presence.
　　在都灵附近的菲亚特从另一家汽车企业收购的长期停产的工厂，尽管有Fiom-Cgil的强势存在，仍有89%懒散的工人投票赞成变革。
　　So it can bargain directly with workers at factory level, Fiat has also decided to quit Confindustria, Italy's main employers' lobby, after it offered the unions' national chiefs a final say on pay deals.
　　菲亚特还决定退出Condindustria这个意大利最大的雇主联合团体，在向公会全国主席提供了一份最终的工资方案后，它可以直接在工厂层面和工人讨价还价。
　　Fiat has thus made two big breaks with Italy's collective-bargaining tradition, says Roberto Pedersini, a labour-relations expert.
　　劳资问题专家Pedersini说菲亚特这样做打破了两项意大利重要的劳资谈判传统。
　　First, it has repudiated 11 industry-wide, national labour standards.
　　首先，它拒绝承认了行业性的全国劳动标准。
　　Second, it is taking away labour protections when company-level agreements usually give more rights to workers.
　　其次，它移除了工人的保护伞，而公司层面的协议一般给予了工人们更多权益。
　　To be rational, Fiat's Italianità has to be less dutiful.
　　理性的说，菲亚特身上的意大利特质让其显得不是那么负责任。
　　1.responsibility n.责任；职责
　　It's my responsibility to lock the doors.
　　我负责锁门。
　　2.slump n.暴跌；低潮状态
　　Sales have slumped 12 in the last month.
　　上月销售量骤降。
　　3.hysteria n.歇斯特里症；不正常的兴奋
　　The abnormal, spasmodic swallowing of air, especially as a symptom of hysteria.
　　吞气症异常的痉挛性吞气，特指歇斯底里的症状。
　　4.combine v.联合；使结合
　　Two parties will combine to defeat the third.
　　两党派将联合以击败第三党。
　　5.revenue n.税收；收入
　　National tax revenue grew by a large margin 13 every year.
　　国家税收连年大幅度增长。