时间:2019-02-13 作者:英语课 分类:TED演讲教育篇


英语课

   So here's two questions  每当我思考这个问题


  that I have in my head when I think about this problem.  两个疑问一直在我脑子里打转
  The first is:  第一
  Are cities part of biology?  城市是生物界的一部分吗
  Is London a great big whale?  伦敦是一只大鲸鱼吗
  Is Edinburgh a horse?  爱丁堡是一匹马吗
  Is Microsoft a great big anthill?  微软是一座巨型蚁山吗
  What do we learn from that?  我们从中能得到什么启发
  We use them metaphorically 2 --  我们可以使用比喻
  the DNA 3 of a company, the metabolism 4 of a city, and so on --  一个公司的DNA,一个城市的新陈代谢,等等
  is that just bullshit, metaphorical 1 bullshit,  这些都是胡扯,乱七八糟的比喻
  or is there serious substance to it?  还是有严谨的依据
  And if that is the case,  如果确有依据
  how come that it's very hard to kill a city?  为什么城市总是生生不息呢
  You could drop an atom bomb on a city,  你可以扔一个原子弹炸毁一个城市
  and 30 years later it's surviving.  而30年之后,它依然存在
  Very few cities fail.  消亡的城市寥寥无几
  All companies die, all companies.  而所有公司都会关门,无一例外
  And if you have a serious theory, you should be able to predict  如果你掌握了缜密的原理,你就应该可以预测
  when Google is going to go bust 5.  谷歌什么时候关门大吉
  So is that just another version  这是不是
  of this?  这个画面的翻版
  Well we understand this very well.  我们对此非常清楚
  That is, you ask any generic 6 question about this --  如果你随便问一个常识问题
  how many trees of a given size,  某已知体积的大树有多少棵
  how many branches of a given size does a tree have,  一颗体积已知的大树有多少分枝
  how many leaves,  多少树叶
  what is the energy flowing through each branch,  每根树枝中流动的能量是什么
  what is the size of the canopy,  树冠有多大
  what is its growth, what is its mortality?  它长势如何,寿命多长
  We have a mathematical framework  我们有一套数学体系
  based on generic universal principles  建立在普遍原理的基础上
  that can answer those questions.  它能够解答那些问题
  And the idea is can we do the same for this?  问题是,它是否适用于城市
  So the route in is recognizing  首先我们要认识到
  one of the most extraordinary things about life,  生命最奇妙之处,其中之一
  is that it is scalable,  就是它是会长大的
  it works over an extraordinary range.  它能够长到非常之大
  This is just a tiny range actually:  这只是很小的一个尺度
  It's us mammals;  这是我们,哺乳动物
  we're one of these.  我们是其中之一
  The same principles, the same dynamics,  相同的原理,相同的活动
  the same organization is at work  相同的组织,在所有这些动物中
  in all of these, including us,  发挥着作用,我们也包括在内
  and it can scale over a range of 100 million in size.  它能够长大到一亿个单位
  And that is one of the main reasons  生命如此周而复始,欣欣向荣
  life is so resilient and robust 7 --  这就是原因之一
  scalability.  伸展性
  We're going to discuss that in a moment more.  我们一会再讨论这个
  But you know, at a local level,  从我们自身出发
  you scale; everybody in this room is scaled.  你会长大,在座所有人的身体都长大了
  That's called growth.  这就是成长
  Here's how you grew.  你就是这么成长的
  Rat, that's a rat -- could have been you.  这是一只老鼠,也可以是你
  We're all pretty much the same.  我们之间非常相似
  And you see, you're very familiar with this.  你们可以看到,你的情况与之十分相似
  You grow very quickly and then you stop.  你长得很快,接着停止生长
  And that line there  上面的那条线
  is a prediction from the same theory,  是同一理论推导出来的
  based on the same principles,  所依据的原理
  that describes that forest.  与描述森林的原理相同
  And here it is for the growth of a rat,  这显示的是老鼠的生长情况
  and those points on there are data points.  上面的点是数据点
  This is just the weight versus 8 the age.  即体重与年龄的比例
  And you see, it stops growing.  你看,它停止生长了
  Very, very good for biology --  这对生物界非常有益
  also one of the reasons for its great resilience.  这也证明了其强大的伸展性
  Very, very bad  但对我们目前规划中的
  for economies and companies and cities  经济,公司和城市而而言
  in our present paradigm 9.  这是非常糟糕的
  This is what we believe.  我们就是这么认为的
  This is what our whole economy  这就是我们的经济
  is thrusting upon us,  强加给我们的
  particularly illustrated 10 in that left-hand corner:  左上角的图表凸显了这一点
  hockey sticks.  冰球棍
  This is a bunch of software companies --  它显示的是众多软件公司
  and what it is is their revenue versus their age --  收入与公司建立时间的比例
  all zooming 11 away,  它们都平步青云
  and everybody making millions and billions of dollars.  每家公司都大把大把地捞钱
  Okay, so how do we understand this?  那么,我们如何解读
  So let's first talk about biology.  我们先来讨论一下生物学
  This is explicitly 12 showing you  这让你清清楚楚地看到
  how things scale,  事物的规模是如何增大的
  and this is a truly remarkable 13 graph.  这幅图表意义非凡
  What is plotted here is metabolic 14 rate --  上面显示的是新陈代谢率
  how much energy you need per day to stay alive --  为维持生命你每天需要摄入的能量
  versus your weight, your mass,  比上你的体重
  for all of us bunch of organisms.  这适用于人类以及许多其它生物
  And it's plotted in this funny way by going up by factors of 10,  它的结构很有意思,以10倍递进
  otherwise you couldn't get everything on the graph.  否则你无法看到全局
  And what you see if you plot it  在这样一个有意思的图标中
  in this slightly curious way  你可以看到
  is that everybody lies on the same line.  每个人都落在了同一条线上
  Despite the fact that this is the most complex and diverse system  尽管这是宇宙中
  in the universe,  最为纷繁复杂的系统
  there's an extraordinary simplicity  但它显示了一个
  being expressed by this.  极为简单现象
  It's particularly astonishing  这令人震惊
  because each one of these organisms,  这上面的每个物种
  each subsystem, each cell type, each gene,  每个子系统,每个细胞种类,每个基因
  has evolved in its own unique environmental niche  都在其独特的生态位和历史中
  with its own unique history.  得到进化发展
  And yet, despite all of that Darwinian evolution  然而,即使经过了达尔文派支持的进化论
  and natural selection,  和自然选择
  they've been constrained 15 to lie on a line.  它们最终还是集中到了一条线上
  Something else is going on.  还有其它力量在发挥作用

a.隐喻的,比喻的
  • Here, then, we have a metaphorical substitution on a metonymic axis. 这样,我们在换喻(者翻译为转喻,一种以部分代替整体的修辞方法)上就有了一个隐喻的替代。
  • So, in a metaphorical sense, entropy is arrow of time. 所以说,我们可以这样作个比喻:熵像是时间之矢。
adv. 用比喻地
  • It is context and convention that determine whether a term will be interpreted literally or metaphorically. 对一个词的理解是按字面意思还是隐喻的意思要视乎上下文和习惯。
  • Metaphorically it implied a sort of admirable energy. 从比喻来讲,它含有一种令人赞许的能量的意思。
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
n.新陈代谢
  • After years of dieting,Carol's metabolism was completely out of whack.经过数年的节食,卡罗尔的新陈代谢完全紊乱了。
  • All living matter undergoes a process of metabolism.生物都有新陈代谢。
vt.打破;vi.爆裂;n.半身像;胸部
  • I dropped my camera on the pavement and bust it. 我把照相机掉在人行道上摔坏了。
  • She has worked up a lump of clay into a bust.她把一块黏土精心制作成一个半身像。
adj.一般的,普通的,共有的
  • I usually buy generic clothes instead of name brands.我通常买普通的衣服,不买名牌。
  • The generic woman appears to have an extraordinary faculty for swallowing the individual.一般妇女在婚后似乎有特别突出的抑制个性的能力。
adj.强壮的,强健的,粗野的,需要体力的,浓的
  • She is too tall and robust.她个子太高,身体太壮。
  • China wants to keep growth robust to reduce poverty and avoid job losses,AP commented.美联社评论道,中国希望保持经济强势增长,以减少贫困和失业状况。
prep.以…为对手,对;与…相比之下
  • The big match tonight is England versus Spain.今晚的大赛是英格兰对西班牙。
  • The most exciting game was Harvard versus Yale.最富紧张刺激的球赛是哈佛队对耶鲁队。
n.例子,模范,词形变化表
  • He had become the paradigm of the successful man. 他已经成为成功人士的典范。
  • Moreover,the results of this research can be the new learning paradigm for digital design studios.除此之外,本研究的研究成果也可以为数位设计课程建立一个新的学习范例。
adj.快速上升的v.(飞机、汽车等)急速移动( zoom的过去分词 );(价格、费用等)急升,猛涨
  • Zooming and panning are navigational tools for exploring 2D and 3D information. 缩放和平移是浏览二维和三维信息的导航工具。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
  • Panning and zooming, especially when paired together, create navigation difficulties for users. 对于用户来说,平移和缩放一起使用时,产生了更多的导航困难。 来自About Face 3交互设计精髓
ad.明确地,显然地
  • The plan does not explicitly endorse the private ownership of land. 该计划没有明确地支持土地私有制。
  • SARA amended section 113 to provide explicitly for a right to contribution. 《最高基金修正与再授权法案》修正了第123条,清楚地规定了分配权。 来自英汉非文学 - 环境法 - 环境法
adj.显著的,异常的,非凡的,值得注意的
  • She has made remarkable headway in her writing skills.她在写作技巧方面有了长足进步。
  • These cars are remarkable for the quietness of their engines.这些汽车因发动机没有噪音而不同凡响。
adj.新陈代谢的
  • Impressive metabolic alternations have been undergone during embryogenesis.在胚胎发生期间经历了深刻的代谢变化。
  • A number of intoxicants are associated with metabolic acidosis.许多毒性物质可引起代谢性酸中毒。
adj.束缚的,节制的
  • The evidence was so compelling that he felt constrained to accept it. 证据是那样的令人折服,他觉得不得不接受。
  • I feel constrained to write and ask for your forgiveness. 我不得不写信请你原谅。
标签: TED演讲
学英语单词
abadi
abnormalizing
Adabaī Mahamoud
Adonias
aided laying
Air Pressure Relief Valve
allantoises
aneitensis
annul-
arachnopia
ball viscosimeter
basic assember program
behavioral relationship
belly-achings
bristlecone
cakepans
canvass for contribution
Capromycinum
caroticotympanic nerves
central angles
Cheggers
cocosoid
connecting screw rod
convertible currencies
cubiclizes
Cuenca
deficit reactivity
Diamond Jim Brady
dicapryloyl peroxide
distributed delay model
driven rod
Einhorn's disease
enzymoprivic
Eoligonodina
Erigeron L.
feed on animal's blood
fresh in someone's mind
fruit diameter index
galdosian
Gamtoos R.
greatest common factor
Hirst's phenomenon
homo soloenses
hook stud
hydrocephalies
increment mode display
inculpably
isolated operation
jamuna
jup
Kabara, L.
Korsakov's psychosis
L. C. L. bodizs
Lake of the Woods
laser pressure gauge
leze-majesty
liquid composite molding (lcm)
lithodes formosae
madrepore marble
magnetic bearing
make our point
manufacture out of whole cloth
megamera
mulcher stubble
net explosive weight
non-b
nondessert
northwest corner rule
onion-domed
ornitholeucism
Paloxin
Pearson's coefficient of meansquare contingency
phase-iii
pig-metal
pigginstring
preaching to the choir
PSAD
pyrola americanas
radial force
refrigerator cryopump
revolves around
saccharogalactorrhea
sadsack
sapo glycerinatus
sarc-
sheddest
shovel-crowding engine
shovelnose-ray
single-cycle forced-circulation boiling water
slot part
snow-jobbed
spankiest
Strongylus apri
super orthogonal code
tertiates
thass
thermobank defrost
tracies
trise
video-fax
wet shoots
Yangdi