托福语法讲解：时态
时间：2019-02-13 作者：英语课 分类：英文语法词汇
英语课
托福语法讲解：时态
英语和汉语的显著区别之一就是英语有时态之分，不同的时态通过谓语动词、助动词的不同形式, 以及句中的时间状语来体现。TOEFL最常考的两种时态是现在完成时和一般过去时.
第一节 现在完成时
现在完成时的形式可概括为：have /has (用于第三人称单数) done /been
如：She's just gone out.
They have already finished the task.
I haven't met him recently
Has he told you about the accident?
现在完成时用于表示说话之前已发生的动作但对现在仍有影响，或是由过去某点延续至说话时的动作，完成时有一些标志性的时间状语，如：already, yet, just, ever, since, for，so far, up to now, in the past years等
TOEFL考试中改错题的考察重点是since, 如句中有since引导的时间状语，相应的谓语动词必然是现在完成时，反之要注意句中的时间状语是否符合完成时的要求，若不符，大多改为since
第二节 一般过去时
一般过去时的基本特征是谓语动词使用过去式（was /were /did），主要用于表示过去发生的事情，如：
She used to play tennis every week.
When did you go to bed last night?
Was he on the spot?
一般过去时的标志词为表示过去的时间状语，如：
ago, last year, yesterday, just now, at first, in the end, in 1887等
第三节 其他重要时态
一、一般现在时
一般现在时用于表示经常往复的动作或自然现象、客观事实等，其难点在于主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词（be除外）结尾需加-s, 其变化规则和名词变复数一样。而且句子的否定式、疑问式需借助do, does. 此时态的标志词有：often, always, never, usually, every day等
如: He often plays tennis after school.
The moon moves around the earth every day.
二、现在进行时
现在进行时主要用于描述说话时正在进行的动作，基本形式为：be doing，其标志词为：now, right now, at the moment等.
如: At the moment the representatives 1 are discussing the current 2 international affairs.
The water is boiling.
三、现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时是进行时和完成时的组合，即：have /has been doing，主要强调从过去一直持续到现在仍在进行的动作
如: The orchestra 3 have been rehearsing 4 since this morning.
The child has been crying since his mother left.
四、过去进行时
过去进行时表示在过去的某一时间正在发生的动作，基本形式：was /were doing, 标志形时间状语有: 10 o'clock yesterday evening, last night等, 另外当从句是表示过去时间的时间状语从句时, 主句中动词常用过去进行时, 表示“当…的时候, …正在做…”.
如: What were you doing 8 o'clock yesterday morning?
I was working on the last question when the teacher asked us to turn in our papers 5.
五、过去完成时
现在完成时表示在说话(现在)之前发生的动作, 而过去完成时强调在过去某个时间点之前发生的事件，基本形式：had been/ done, 其标志性的时间状语有: by (before) 12 o'clock last night等, 或者当主句的动作发生在从句之前, 而从句的谓语又是过去时时.
如: He had finished his work by (before) 9 o'clock yesterday evening.
I had tried this brand of ice cream before you introduced it to me.
六、一般将来时
一般将来时用于表示将来即将发生的动作，基本形式：shall /will do, 或be going to do, 其标志性时间状语有: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, the next week, the next year等.
如: The play will be on show the next week.
How are we going to spend the next ten hours?
七、过去将来时
过去将来时用于表示相对于过去某一时间点将发生的动作，基本形式：should /would do, 多用在表示过去时间的上下文中.
如: She asked what she should do to please her parents.
The farmer concluded 6 that it was going to rain soon.
代表，典型的
- The country is governed by elected representatives of the people. 这个国家由民选代表统治。
- The representatives pronounced against the decision made at the conference. 代表们对会议作出的决定表示反对。
n.涌流，趋势，电流，水流，气流；adj.当前的，通用的，流通的，现在的，草写的，最近的
- Electric current is often powerful enough to kill a man.电流常强得足以致命。
- There is a story about her in the current number.最近一期上有关于她的故事。
n.管弦乐队；vt.命令，定购
- He plays the violin in an orchestra.他在管弦乐队中演奏小提琴。
- I was tempted to stay and hear this superb orchestra rehearse.我真想留下来听这支高超的管弦乐队排练。
排练，排演( rehearse的现在分词 )； 详述
- "Yes,'she answered. "I begin rehearsing to-morrow." “是的，"她回答，”我明天开始排练。 来自英汉文学 - 嘉莉妹妹
- McTeague returned to the city, rehearsing his instructious over and over. 麦克梯格回到城里，脑子里反复想着人家对他的吩咐。
n.文件，纸币，论文
- I want to check with my secretary before I sign the papers.在签署这些文件前，我要与我的秘书商议。
- The lawyer read all the papers relating to the case.律师阅读了与该案有关的全部文件。