时间:2019-02-09 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

   天文学在我们听力讲座里面算是出现频率较高的话题了,在目前所有的176篇讲座里一共有14篇天文学类的文章,且都是比较有难度的,可以说,天文学类算是我们讲座里的一个重点也是难点了。小编在授课过程中也发现很多同学对于天文学类的文章是比较发怵的,觉得离我们太过遥远、太深奥了。因此,适当补充一些天文学类的背景知识对于我们去听类似文章是相当有用的,至少也可以增加些底气。小编在这里就抛砖引玉地由几个热门的天文学新闻来给同学们介绍下相关知识。


  系外行星(exoplanet)的概念
  相信大家最近都有留意到这么一条大热的新闻,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)近日宣布,在距离地球40光年的冷矮星系统内,发现了7颗大小与地球类似的系外行星(exoplanet),其中有3颗位于母恒星的宜居带(habitable zone),在适宜的条件下7颗行星上都可能存在液态水。这也就是说,我们地球要有兄弟啦,说不定我们都会有个外星人朋友呢。那么,什么是系外行星呢, TPO41 Lecture4里这么解释,“Exoplanets are planetsthat orbit around a star other than our sun, right? They’re not in our solarsystem.”由此可见,系外行星指的就是绕着除太阳以外的别的恒星公转的行星了;同样的,宜居带在文中也有解释,指的就是“a zone that’s a certain distance from its star, because only planets within this zone could conceivably support carbon-based life”,简而言之就是距离母恒星适当距离的一块区域,在此区域内的行星可能会支持碳基生命。
  冥王星(Pluto 1)为何会被降级为矮行星
  2015年暑假出来过这么一条新闻:美国航天局(NASA)的“新地平线”号探测器近距离飞掠冥王星(Pluto),结束其近10年的漫长旅程,也拍下了迄今为止冥王星最清晰的照片,于是乎,这颗神秘的星球也逐渐露出了真面目。而早在2006年,国际天文联合会宣布,冥王星被划为矮行星(dwarf),并命名为小行星134340号,从太阳系九大行星中被除名,现在太阳系中只有八颗行星。至于冥王星为何会被降级,在我们OG Online Test Lecture4中也有解释,第一,冥王星不是气体巨星,它的体积很小。“It’s neither gaseous 2 nor agiant. See, uh Pluto is less than half the size of the next smallest planet,Mercury. So Pluto is very small for a planet; maybe it’s not large enough to be considered a planet.”其次,冥王星的轨道不同于其它行星的轨道,它是椭圆形的且轨道的角度是有18度的倾斜的。“When you look at the other planets,especially the planets in the outer solar system, where Pluto orbits, you see that Pluto stands out, it’s the oddball.”“Pluto orbits on a different plane.That is, all the planets orbit the Sun on the same plane, except Pluto...which orbits at a seventeen degree angle to the other orbits.”第三,冥王星处在柯伊伯(Kuiper belt)里,而在柯伊伯带里的天体都是和冥王星有类似特征,都是由结冰的岩石组成的,也受到海王星重力的影响。“It’s like a swarm 3 of icy-rocky objects out beyond Neptune 4. It turns out that Kuiper belt objects,which are also called KBOs, have a lot in common with Pluto.”“Neptune’s gravity sort ofpulls Pluto and the KBOs around.”
  火星上(Mars)发现生命体
  依然是2015年,就在宣布拍到冥王星清晰照后不久,NASA宣布在火星发现液态水!假如有液态水存在,火星便可能曾出现生命,甚至依然有生物存活!NASA早已提出,到2030年实现载人上火星的任务,也已经提出许多方案来改变火星的生态使其变成第二地球。那么火星上到底有没有生命存在呢?对此我们TPO中也有过讨论,TPO30 Lecture3中指出,关于火星上的生命体,我们已经有了一些关于微生物层面的发现,比如由发现了黄钾铁矾(jarosite)这一矿物质就可以表明火星上可能有水。“There’s been a lot of talkrecently about life on Mars, at the level of micro organisms anyway, mainly becauseof a few important discoveries and inventions. For example, one major discoverywas that at one point water was present on Mars. How do we know? Well, in 2004,an exploration robot discovered jarosite there.”因为形成黄钾铁矾(jarosite)的过程是需要水的,所以火星上有黄钾铁矾也就意味着火星上面有水的存在,进而可能就有生命存在。“The interesting thing is that on Earth at least it needs highly acidic water to form. So we’ve got wateror had it at one point. And since most planetary scientists believe that wateris essential to life, the presence of jarosite means that one prerequisite 5 for life was once present on Mars.”同样的话题在OG Actual Test2 Lecture3 中也曾有过讨论,感兴趣的同学可以去听一下。
  好啦,以上三个就是近期天文学的热点,结合TPO里出现过的讲座给大家科普了一下相关背景知识,希望能对大家有所帮助。
  顺便附上TPO中所有天文学类的讲座篇目,供大家练习!
  TPO2-Lecture4:小行星带的形成
  TPO3-Lecture4:光谱学在天文学里的应用
  TPO5-Lecture2:再次登月的理由
  TPO13-Lecture4:流星体、流星、陨石的形成
  TPO14-Lecture3:利用星星导航
  TPO18-Lecture1:太阳黑子相关理论
  TPO19-Lecture2:肉眼观察和无线电波观察宇宙的各自利弊
  TPO21-Lecture1:地心说和日心说相关理论
  TPO22-Lecture2:黯淡太阳悖论
  TPO24-Lecture4:金星上的盾型火山
  TPO26-Lecture3:彗星的两种轨道
  TPO30-Lecture3:火星上的生命体
  TPO41-Lecture4:系外行星
  TPO42-Lecture2:星团的分类机制

n.冥王星
  • Pluto is the furthest planet from the sun.冥王星是离太阳最远的行星。
  • Pluto has an elliptic orbit.冥王星的轨道是椭圆形的。
adj.气体的,气态的
  • Air whether in the gaseous or liquid state is a fluid.空气,无论是气态的或是液态的,都是一种流体。
  • Freon exists both in liquid and gaseous states.氟利昂有液态和气态两种形态。
n.(昆虫)等一大群;vi.成群飞舞;蜂拥而入
  • There is a swarm of bees in the tree.这树上有一窝蜜蜂。
  • A swarm of ants are moving busily.一群蚂蚁正在忙碌地搬家。
n.海王星
  • Neptune is the furthest planet from the sun.海王星是离太阳最远的行星。
  • Neptune turned out to be a dynamic,stormy world.海王星原来是个有生气、多风暴的世界。
n.先决条件;adj.作为前提的,必备的
  • Stability and unity are a prerequisite to the four modernizations.安定团结是实现四个现代化的前提。
  • It is a prerequisite of entry to the profession that you pass the exams.做这一行的先决条件是要通过了有关的考试。
标签: 托福听力
学英语单词
accelerene
air pump choke seat
akhbars
Allah's House
association of stars
backbending
bank guarantee
barfly
basilar cell
be remodeled from
boasty
bordeaux-type
cadmium acetylide
cammarano
cervicolabial
Cheeseman Town
chemical design institute
CIE standard illuminants
citokeratin
Clydevale
coating quantity
commercial zine
complex coordination test
conference on production
construction diversion
data line terminals
data storage device
defenestration
directional steadiness
doctors of musical arts
dot frequency
double shot moulding
drawing papers
drift stratigraphy
dry-humps
eagle-beak
electro optical
ex-sun
fast neutron exposure
fugitive flavo(u)r
gain-time
genus Seriphus
gomphosis
have no option but
healedmyocardial infarction
high line rig
high-lift slabbing mill
hydrofluoric aicd
HYSCAN
in line filter
insley
jet impactor
jizz
Jungingen
kasindorf
kid around
Klosterreichenbach
Kosovska Kamenica
leakage quantity
light refraction
mastoid branch
microfossil flora
microscope adapter
modification-independent workload model
mustard celery
near enough
Neolite
nine - eyes
not anymore
octofollin
offices of homeland security
Onavas
one at a time
palenthropic man
person injured
phlebotomus fly
president carters
pressure balanced workover rig
projective special linear group
rag-content paper
Raphiolepis gracilis
ratio of gains
regular spacing
roaches
Ryzdvyanyy
safety lamp
safety value
scooping up
self assembler
serologist
smokers' vertigo
speed and altitude supremacy
stubbliest
system specific address
taenicides
terminal hydroxyl group
tonalism
ungenerous
unharmonious
varelas
wedge angle
Zanthoxylum kwangsiense