时间:2019-02-09 作者:英语课 分类:英语笔译


英语课

 一个词变成一个句


著名翻译家奈达说,“翻译就是翻译意思”。言外之意,翻译一句话不能逐一翻译一串个别的单词,也不是翻译某种句子结构。初学翻译的人之所以译得不好,就是因为摆脱不了原文各个单词和句子结构的影响,总觉得英语中每一个词译成汉语都是一个词。殊不知,为了说明原文的意思,有时候要将一个词译成几个词,乃至一个短句。这就是翻译中对某些词的‘增益’。
例如,英语中有些单词相当于汉语的一个词组:read“看书”,drive“开车”,giggle“咯咯地笑”,stumble“蹒跚而行”,等等。这些相对而言还比较简单,一般英汉词典上都能查得到。
再如,英语句子中有大量的“副词+动词”的结构(副词也可能在动词之后)。在不少情况下这种结构可以译成汉语“副词+动词”的偏正结构(汉语中副词修饰动词时只能放在动词之前),许多人往往用“……地”来译所有的英语副词,如:
(1)They were patiently listening to him. 他们在耐心地听他讲。
(2)He quickly stood up. 他很快地站起来。
(3)I will gladly join you in the work. 我会乐意地和你一起工作。
这三句中都用了“地”字结构,第一句还可以,后两句就显得有点“翻译腔”,“地”字似乎可以省去,可分别改译为:“他很快站起来”和“我乐意和你一起工作”。但是这三句中的副词和动词仍然译成了偏正结构,这是因为三句中的副词表示的是动作的方式。
但是,是不是英语中所有的这种结构都可以这么译呢?请大家考虑一下下面这一句应如何翻译:
This is a NATO matter and any comment on it should appropriately come from NATO.
将appropriately come from NATO译成“合适地来自北约”显然不通。从意义上看,appropriately与其说是表示动作come的方式,还不如说是表示其结果,因此该词应抽 出来放到后面,将此句译为:这是北约的问题,关于此问题的评论应由北约做出,这才是适宜的。
再请看下面这一句:
Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof 1.
如将此句照字面译成“司法部门不能负责任地冷漠”会让人不知所云。问题在responsibly这个词的处理上,它也不表明动作的方式而是表示一种结果,因此可将此句译为:
司法部门对此不闻不问,那就是失责。
例如:
1. In the late 14th century, Marco Polo famously made his way along trade routes from Italy to China. 十四世纪后半叶,马可?波罗从意大利沿贸易通道来到中国,因而一举成名。
2. Their commander wisely judged to be safer in their works than in the field. 他们的指挥官认为留在战场上不如呆在工事里更安全,这是很明智的。
在翻译副词修饰形容词或另一个副词的结构时,有时也不能一概译成“……地”结构,而需要将该副词抽出来加以增益,才能说明其含义,如:
3. Chimpanzees are the animals closest biologically to humans. 从生物学角度看,大猩猩与人的关系最亲近。
4. Tami said it was possible, just statistically 2 unlikely. 泰米说有这样的可能,但是从统计的角度来看又不太可能。
5. The second child she dreamed of might now be medically impossible. 她本来还想要一个孩子,从医学角度来看,现在是不可能了。
6. Only 18 percent are officially unemployed 3. 据官方统计,只有百分之十八的人是失业者。
7. Real-estate prices in downtown Manhattan looked prohibitively expensive. 市中心曼哈顿的房地产价格贵得使人望而生畏。
8. She was remarkably 4 silent when the others all talked and laughed. 别人有说有笑时她却沉默不语,显得很突出。
9. It was a vast and treacherous 5 landscape, but breath-takingly beautiful. 这是一片广阔而变幻莫测的景致,但却美得令人惊讶。
10. A schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be justly indignant. 小学老师在学生的作文里发现这样的错误一定会生气,而生气不是没有道理的。
11. Voters were understandably confused by the identical Caser names on the ballot 6, and the split vote sent the real candidate Caser down to defeat in the primary. 选举人被选票上一模一样卡瑟的名字弄糊涂,因而选票分散,导致真正的候选人在初选时就落选,这是可以理解的。
有时候,形容词做定语或表语时,也无法用一个词将其意思充分表达出来,翻译这个形容词时也需要进行增益,如:
12. The sleek 7 turbines of the American windmills made economic and ecological 8 sense. 美国造了许多风力磨坊,这从经济和生态角度看是有道理的。
13. Now we stay a respectful distance him.
当然不能将a respectful distance译为“尊敬的距离”,应将这一句译成“我们对他敬而远之”。
14. He had a sound feeling that idioms were the backbone 9 of a language and he was all for the racy phrases. 他感到习语是语言的主要支柱,因此特别主张用生动的短语,他的想法是很有道理的。
15. The prisoners of war are allowed to write censored 10 letter. 战俘们可以写信,但信件要受到检查。
16. We should be very cautious when buying expensive things and ask ourselves if we are making a wise purchase. 我们在买贵重的东西时一定要小心,问问自己买这样的东西是否明智。
又如:I wouldn’t have eaten it, only I’m too ladylike to take it out of my mouth. 这一句中的ladylike很难用一个中文词来表达,其意思是“像个有教养的女人那样”。这一句不妨译成:“我本来不想吃,只是觉得再从嘴里拿出来不太雅观。”

adj.远离的;冷淡的,漠不关心的
  • Never stand aloof from the masses.千万不可脱离群众。
  • On the evening the girl kept herself timidly aloof from the crowd.这小女孩在晚会上一直胆怯地远离人群。
ad.根据统计数据来看,从统计学的观点来看
  • The sample of building permits is larger and therefore, statistically satisfying. 建筑许可数的样本比较大,所以统计数据更令人满意。
  • The results of each test would have to be statistically independent. 每次试验的结果在统计上必须是独立的。
adj.失业的,没有工作的;未动用的,闲置的
  • There are now over four million unemployed workers in this country.这个国家现有四百万失业人员。
  • The unemployed hunger for jobs.失业者渴望得到工作。
ad.不同寻常地,相当地
  • I thought she was remarkably restrained in the circumstances. 我认为她在那种情况下非常克制。
  • He made a remarkably swift recovery. 他康复得相当快。
adj.不可靠的,有暗藏的危险的;adj.背叛的,背信弃义的
  • The surface water made the road treacherous for drivers.路面的积水对驾车者构成危险。
  • The frozen snow was treacherous to walk on.在冻雪上行走有潜在危险。
n.(不记名)投票,投票总数,投票权;vi.投票
  • The members have demanded a ballot.会员们要求投票表决。
  • The union said they will ballot members on whether to strike.工会称他们将要求会员投票表决是否罢工。
adj.光滑的,井然有序的;v.使光滑,梳拢
  • Women preferred sleek,shiny hair with little decoration.女士们更喜欢略加修饰的光滑闪亮型秀发。
  • The horse's coat was sleek and glossy.这匹马全身润泽有光。
adj.生态的,生态学的
  • The region has been declared an ecological disaster zone.这个地区已经宣布为生态灾难区。
  • Each animal has its ecological niche.每种动物都有自己的生态位.
n.脊骨,脊柱,骨干;刚毅,骨气
  • The Chinese people have backbone.中国人民有骨气。
  • The backbone is an articulate structure.脊椎骨是一种关节相连的结构。
受审查的,被删剪的
  • The news reports had been heavily censored . 这些新闻报道已被大幅删剪。
  • The military-backed government has heavily censored the news. 有军方撑腰的政府对新闻进行了严格审查。
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