时间:2019-02-07 作者:英语课 分类:英文语法词汇


英语课

   分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式,主要分为现在分词(ing为词尾)和过去分词(主要以ed结尾),他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。


  由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法,其用法比较简单,这里只着重介绍前两种用法如:
  exciting news (激动人心的消息),          charming girl(迷人的女孩),
  promising 1 work(有希望的作品),                  known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),
  broken bottle(破碎的瓶子)
  考点一 现在分词
  现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于:现在分词表主动意义;过去分词表被动意义。
  现在分词较过去分词形式灵活,除部分能接宾语之外,可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式
  1. 现在分词作定语
  现在分词常接在名词之后作定语,经常可与定语从句替换
  如:the man sitting behind me, 相当于:the man who is sitting behind me
  the kids running about in the garden, 相当于:
  the kids who are running about in the garden
  单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前,如:the sleeping baby, a running nose
  改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词,且之间是主谓关系,但不是句子主谓语,此处必定有错,可改为现在分词作定语
  例题:
  The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
  (A) representing
  (B) represented
  (C) are represented
  (D) they are representing
  答案:A
  解释:空格前是句子的主谓成分,空格处需要marks的定语,C, D可先排除;B是被动式,无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确,是现在分词作定语
  2. 现在分词作状语
  分词还可在句中作状语,可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时,通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。
  1.现在分词短语可以作时间状语,相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句
  如:Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying.
  = When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying.
  2.现在分词短语也可以表示原因,代替由since, as等所引导的从句
  如:Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
  =Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
  Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.
  =As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.
  3.如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前,那么此时分词就需要用完成形式
  如:Having finished the work, she went to the park.
  =After she had finished the work, she went to the park.
  特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致
  如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
  此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.
  例题:
  (1)
  Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby 2 ---- from freezing.
  (A) to save the seeds
  (B) saving the seeds
  (C) which saves the seeds
  (D) the seeds saved
  答案:B
  解释:thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语,只有B符合要求
  考点二 过去分词
  1. 过去分词作定语
  与现在分词类似,过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义.
  如:a theory derived 3 from rich experience
  = a theory that has been derived from rich experience
  a gas composed of four chemical elements
  = a gas that is composed of four chemical elements
  单个分词可放在被修饰词之前,如:distinguished 4 guests, unexpected trouble
  改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用,关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。
  例如: boiling water (沸腾的水,表示正在沸腾);  boiled water(开水, 表示已经烧开)
  2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
  有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?
  现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
  过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情)
  试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣)
  an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩
  同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如:
  The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望)
  We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望)
  例题:
  (1)
  The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
  (A) chartered
  (B) was chartered
  (C) it was chartered
  (D) to be chartered
  答案:A
  解释:本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语;B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符
  (2)
  Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
  (A) called
  (B) to call
  (C) is called
  (D) call as
  答案:A
  解释:此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通
  3. 过去分词作状语
  过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语,常表示事件发生的背景或原因,
  如:Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
  De
  feated in the final, the team gathered to analyze 5 its technical disadvantages.
  特别注意:分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词.
  例题:
  (1)
  ---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
  (A) Founded
  (B) Founding
  (C) To found
  (D) Having founded
  答案:A
  解释:分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词
  考点三 独立主格结构
  独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式,对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致,而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性
  1、主要特征
  (1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构,分词与主语间是主谓关系,
  基本形式为:主语+现在分词或过去分词
  如:his heart bleeding
  the baby crying
  the project completed
  The school being over, the street was full of the students.
  = When the school was over, the street was full of the students.
  (2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构,
  比较:my mind wandering (独立主格);
  My mind was wandering (主谓结构)
  (3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
  如:(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格)
  对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:
  Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.
  2. 在句子中的作用
  独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件,原因、伴随状态等
  如:The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间)
  Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件)
  Time pressing, they had to work overtime 6. (原因)
  The leaves rustling 7 in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)
  例题:
  (1)
  ----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
  (A) If
  (B) But
  (C) With
  (D)Once
  答案:C
  解释:句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.
  注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.

adj.有希望的,有前途的
  • The results of the experiments are very promising.实验的结果充满了希望。
  • We're trying to bring along one or two promising young swimmers.我们正设法培养出一两名有前途的年轻游泳选手。
adv.因此,从而
  • I have never been to that city,,ereby I don't know much about it.我从未去过那座城市,因此对它不怎么熟悉。
  • He became a British citizen,thereby gaining the right to vote.他成了英国公民,因而得到了投票权。
vi.起源;由来;衍生;导出v.得到( derive的过去式和过去分词 );(从…中)得到获得;源于;(从…中)提取
  • Many English words are derived from Latin and Greek. 英语很多词源出于拉丁文和希腊文。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • He derived his enthusiasm for literature from his father. 他对文学的爱好是受他父亲的影响。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adj.卓越的,杰出的,著名的
  • Elephants are distinguished from other animals by their long noses.大象以其长长的鼻子显示出与其他动物的不同。
  • A banquet was given in honor of the distinguished guests.宴会是为了向贵宾们致敬而举行的。
vt.分析,解析 (=analyse)
  • We should analyze the cause and effect of this event.我们应该分析这场事变的因果。
  • The teacher tried to analyze the cause of our failure.老师设法分析我们失败的原因。
adj.超时的,加班的;adv.加班地
  • They are working overtime to finish the work.为了完成任务他们正在加班加点地工作。
  • He was paid for the overtime he worked.他领到了加班费。
标签: 托福语法
学英语单词
a bogan
ac power line
aeroprojector
all types
annual tuberculosis infection rate
bad night
bargaining positions
bidirectional triode thyristor
bigaroon
Billockby
biopsychosocial model
bond-trading activities
bore diameter
burnet saxifrag
chemical esophagitis
Chigualoco
community biocoenose
compound-radius
Corylus heterophylla Fisch.
criminal procedure
curliness
demodicid
dihydrobenzene
distributed emission photodiode
dog's violet
dollar equivalents
dynamic temperature
eared-pheasant
encephalohemia
endproducts
Esperantina
Euphorbia pekinensis Rupr.
expropriable
fungus pit
gastric evacuation
Gorrino
grasshopper
height adjustment
height of overall transfer unit
hemophilia
Hiberno-Saxon
humongoid
indium(iii) acetylacetonate
integral fuel tank
irradiance ratio
klaa
laryngeal perichondritis
laser activity
lens radial distortion
local subchannel blockage
lurexes
macaronian
memory rewind
monopolizes
multi way
Myrmeleon
natural steatite
neuropterid
notority
numerical approximation
nyn
orthophosphates
Pereyaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyy
plant location
pneumarthrogra
prepayment
print fonts
problem spaces
pull off section
purchases ledger
pushkarov
put on the suit
quangocracies
quantum index of imports
radio frequency carrier shift
radiogeodesy
radiolocation
Radstock, C.
running service
self-tightening lever clip
semi-pyritic smelting
semi-regenerated fibre
shock interrogation
sitchensis
soaked and mildewed
Solidago decurrens
Strix nebulosa
summer boarder
syntectonic environment
tangulashanensis
Teresa,Mother
title of nobility
to wear out
tool swivel slide
transducer dynamic draft
under-current release
unenrichableness
universal solvents
us ultrasound
VLTV
wound gall
zenithal orthomorphic projection