经济学人73:美丽的运动,丑陋的政治

 　　FIFA's presidential election

　　国际足联主席选举
　　Beautiful game, ugly politics
　　美丽的运动，丑陋的政治
　　Pity the republic of football. It has a government much like many another
　　为足球界的共和国惋惜，它的政府和其他很多政府同属一丘之貉。
　　May 26th 2011 | from The Economist 1 print edition
　　IN ZURICH on June 1st a presidential election is due to take place. It is a rare event, the first since 2002, with a mere 2 208 voters. No incumbent 3 has lost since 1974, and the man in possession is expected to win again. The winner, despite his grand title, will not be a head of state. Yet he will be better known than many who are—and his writ 4, unlike any of theirs, runs the world over. The presidency 5 in question is that of FIFA, the global governing body of association football; the electors are its members, national associations. Sepp Blatter, a Swiss, has had the job for 13 years and thinks he deserves four more.
　　6月1日在苏黎世（Zurich）一场主席选举将如期举行。这是一次仅有208名投票者的罕见的选举，上一次发生还是在2002，。自1974年起，在任者从未在这个选举中失利过，而如今大权在握的现任者也被看好能再次胜利。尽管胜利者头衔颇大，但他却不是一名国家元首。可是他比很多国家领导人更广为人知——而且与其他元首们不一样，他的权利笼罩全世界。这个职位就是管理足球联合会的全球性组织国际足联；投票者是各成员，国家性足协。瑞士人塞普??布拉特（Sepp Blatter）已经担任国际足联主席一职长达13年，他认为自己理应再连任四年4年。
　　On May 25th his only challenger, Mohamed Bin 6 Hammam, a Qatari who was once an ally, faced an unexpected obstacle: allegations of bribery 7 involving him and Jack 8 Warner, a Trinidadian who heads a regional confederation with 35 FIFA members. The claims were made by Chuck Blazer, the American general secretary of Mr Warner’s group, who sits with both men on FIFA’s 24-member executive committee (in effect, its cabinet). FIFA’s ethics 9 committee is due to examine the claims on May 29th. The accused deny wrongdoing.
　　5月25日，他的唯一挑战者、也是曾经的盟友卡塔尔人穆罕默德??本??哈曼(Mohamed bin Hammam)遭遇一个意想不到的障碍：他与来自特立尼达岛的杰克??沃纳(Jack Warner)因涉嫌贿赂而受到指控，后者是拥有35名国际足联成员的地区性组织的主席（译者注：即中北美和加勒比海地区足联）。该项指控是由美国人查克??布拉泽（Chuck Blazer）提出的，他是沃纳先生任主席的足联的秘书长，同时两人都为由24人组成的国际足联执委会（实质就是国际足联的内阁）的成员。国际足联道德委员会将于29日审查该项指控。被指控者均否认了指控。
　　To some, FIFA’s politics stank 10 even before this. Earlier this month the former chairman of the Football Association, which runs the game in England, told British MPs that four members of the executive committee, which decides where World Cups should be held, had asked for, or hinted at wanting, payment in cash, kind or honour for their votes on the 2018 tournament. (Mr Warner was one of them.) The British press has unearthed 11 other claims regarding votes for the 2018 and 2022 tournaments. Those involved in all this deny doing wrong; and accusations 12 from Britain carried a whiff of bad grace, because England’s bid for 2018 failed miserably 13. The latest claims, though, come from the heart of FIFA’s political structure.
　　对有些人来说，国际足联的政治在此之前就臭名昭著了。本月初，该组织某位前任主席、管理英格兰足球的人告知英国议员们国际足联执委会的四位成员曾要求、或者暗示想得到现金支付或承诺来换取他们手中为2018年世界杯举办权的投票（沃纳先生是其中之一）。执委会决定世界杯的举办地。英国媒体曾挖出其他针对2018年和2022年世界杯举办地评选的指控。涉及于此的人士均否认自己有过失；而英国的指控带了些许恶意，因为英格兰参加了2018年世界杯举办的竞选但大败而归。尽管最新的指控来自国际足联最核心的政治结构。
　　For good or ill, FIFA has much in common with governments whose territories are marked by customs posts rather than goalposts. Like national governments, sporting bodies provide collective goods for their citizens, notes Stefan Szymanski, an economist at in London. They also raise revenue and redistribute wealth. And they are prone 14 to poor administration and to “rent-seeking”—attempts by interest groups, officials and other well-connected people to use their position to gain influence or wealth.
　　不论好坏，国际足联都同领土由海关而非球门柱分界的政府有很多相似之处。伦敦卡斯商学院的经济学家斯蒂芬??西曼斯基（Szymanski）称正如国家的政府一样，运动组织也向他们的市民提供集体财产。它们也提高财政收入，再分配财富。它们易于缺乏管理和“寻租”——利益集团、官员和其他关系紧密者通过自己的地位来获取势力和财富的行为。
　　Start with public goods: in sport, the rules are the most fundamental. Football’s “laws” are overseen 15 by the International Football Association Board (IFAB), on which FIFA has four votes and the national associations of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have one each, a legacy 16 of the game’s British birth. Six votes are needed for a decision. To many coaches and players, as well as commentators 17 and fans, the IFAB has been too slow to allow modern technology, rather than officials’ eyesight, to decide whether the ball has crossed the goal-line. Many other sports have embraced video and electronic gadgetry 18 at their higher levels.
　　首先从集体财产说起：在运动中，规则是最根本的。足球的“法律”由国际足球联合理事会（International Football Association Board）监督，这个组织共有八名成员，其中四名来自国际足联，另外四名来自该运动的诞生地英国：英格兰、北爱尔兰、苏格兰和威尔士各一票。要通过一个决定需要六票。对很多教练和运动员以及评论家和球迷来说，在让现代科技而不是官员们的势力来决定到底一个球是不是进了这个问题上国际足球联合理事会的许可太慢了。其他很多运动在较高水平的比赛中已经引进了录像和电子器械。
　　A sport’s governors are also supposed to crack down on match-fixing. Football has been dogged by scandals in this area. The latest involved gambling 19 rings in Asia and eastern Europe, and matches ranging from the lower reaches of European leagues to friendly internationals. On May 9th Mr Blatter announced a joint 20 effort with Interpol, the global police agency, to stamp out this blight 21.
　　一项运动的管理者还应该严厉制裁操作比赛的行为。足球一直为假球丑闻困扰。最新的丑闻涉及亚洲和东欧的赌球圈子和各级别的比赛，从级别比较低的欧洲联赛到国际友谊赛。5月9日，布拉特宣布同全球警察机构国际刑警携手铲除这个祸害。
　　In a clearer example of a public good, football’s masters have helped create a global market in talent and entertainment. This reflects a shift in FIFA’s balance of power away from Europe which began in the 1970s, in healthy contrast with Euroheavy bodies like World Bank and the IMF. When Mr Blatter’s predecessor 22, Jo??o Havelange, a Brazilian, ousted 23 Sir Stanley Rous, an Englishman, in 1974 it was partly by promising 24 non-Europeans more places at the World Cup. The 1978 tournament featured only 16 national teams, ten of them from Europe; since 1998 there have been 32 slots, with more for Asia, Africa, and North and Central America or the Caribbean.
　　足球也对公众有有利的一面，一个比较清晰的例子是足球管理者们帮助创造了一个既有才华又不乏娱乐的全球性市场。这反映了国际足联的力量平衡从20世纪70年代以欧洲为重心转移了出来，与此形成对比的是欧元区一些臃肿的机构，如世界银行（World Bank）和国际货币组织(IMF)。布拉特先生的前任巴西人乔??阿维兰热（Joao Havelange）.在1974年把英国人斯坦利??鲁斯爵士（Sir Stanley Rous）赶下台，他成功的部分原因是他承诺为更多非欧洲国家提供世界杯的席位。1978年举办的世界杯只有16支国家队参赛，其中10支来自欧洲。自1998年起，世界杯决赛阶段参赛国一直是32个，亚洲、非洲和中北美或加勒比海地区得到更多的名额。
　　This has not stopped European countries winning the past two World Cups. And it has helped Europe’s clubs and national leagues. Teams such as Barcelona and Manchester United, who meet in the European Champions League final in London on May 28th, have fans all over the world. That means more money from television and merchandise. Globalisation has also deepened the pool of talent on which European clubs can draw.
　　这并未阻止欧洲国家赢得刚过去的两届世界杯冠军。它对欧洲俱乐部和国家队非常有利。5月28日将在欧冠赛决赛相遇的巴塞罗那队和曼联队在世界各地都有球迷。这意味着从电视和专卖商品更多地获利。全球化还扩大了人才库，欧洲俱乐部可以从中吸纳更多人才。
　　Yet there are costs for clubs in Europe and elsewhere. They must release their players for World Cup and other international matches, from which the stars may return tired or hurt. They may view this as a tax in kind, even though FIFA paid them $40m in all for the use of players in the 2010 World Cup.
　　但是欧洲和其他地区的俱乐部也付出了代价。他们必须放球员去参加世界杯和其他国际赛事，比赛过后这些巨星们也许会劳累或受伤而归。即使国际足联为参加2010年世界杯的球员付给俱乐部4000万美元，俱乐部也可以把球员的疲劳或受伤看做一种赋税。
　　FIFA may not raise true taxes, but it finds revenue easier to come by than many national governments do. It has become increasingly adept 25 at exploiting the power of the World Cup to draw a global audience. “France [in 1998] was the last poor World Cup,” said Mr Blatter this week. In 2007-10 FIFA’s revenue was $4.2 billion, up from $2.6 billion in the four years before that. Most of it came from the 2010 World Cup: television rights yielded $2.4 billion and marketing 26 rights $1.1 billion.
　　国际足联不会提高真正的税费，但是它的收入来得比很多国家政府要容易。它越来越精于利用世界杯的力量来吸引全世界关注。“法国世界杯（1998年）是最后一届赔本的世界杯，”本周布拉特先生说。在2007年到2010年间，国际足联的收入为42亿美元，比上一个四年的26亿美元提高了不少。大多数的收入来自2010年世界杯：电视转播权获得24亿美元而市场开发权则获得11亿美元。
　　Redistribution in FIFA’s fief is called “development” spending, intended mainly to improve facilities and coaching in poor countries, which amounted to $794m in 2007-10. Some of this went into Goal, a programme set up by Mr Blatter that is now overseen by Mr Bin Hammam. The six regional confederations and the national associations also got an extra handout 27 from the World Cup windfall in the form of “extraordinary” payments within FIFA’s Financial Assistance Programme. Finding a little extra money for voters just before an election is rarely a bad idea.
　　国际足联地界上的财富再分配被称作“发展”支出，主要旨在改善贫穷国家的设施和训练情况，在2007年-2010年间这笔指出为7.94亿美元。有些投入到了由布拉特设立、现在由哈曼先生监管的项目“目标”（Goal）里。六个地区性协会和国家级足协也额外得到了世界杯横财的施舍物，是国际足联金融援助计划以“额外的”支付形式发放的。选举前夕，给投票者找点额外之财一般都不是坏主意。
　　As for poor government, FIFA has been supplying examples for years. Take, as just one, the ditching in 2006 of MasterCard, FIFA’s long-term credit-card partner, for Visa—a decision which drew a scathing 28 rebuke 29 from a New York judge. Andrew Jennings, a British journalist who has long been a thorn in FIFA’s side, aired further claims of pockets lined and sins covered up in a BBC documentary on May 23rd.
　　至于贫穷的政府，国家足联长年都提供参考。仅举一个例子，2006年国际足联抛弃了长期以来的信用卡合作伙伴万事达卡（Mastercard）转而与维萨卡（Visa）合作——这一决定引来一名纽约法官的严厉责难。5月23日播出的一部BBC纪录片里，一直以来都是国际足联眼中钉、肉中刺的英国记者安德鲁．叶林斯（Andrew Jennings）又揭露出一些有关不义之财和违反道德的黑幕。
　　Despite all this, FIFA’s electors have not seemed ready for revolution. What effect the allegations against Mr Bin Hammam will have, no one knows. It is also hard to say how much would change should he, despite everything, manage to unseat Mr Blatter. Both men insist that FIFA is not corrupt 30; Mr Bin Hammam has made much of the need for more “transparency”. Certainly, the world’s most popular game needs a better government than the one it has.
　　除此以外，国际足联的选民们似乎还没准备好发动一次变革。没人知道阿曼先生面临的指控到底会有什么影响。也很难讲如果，不管怎样，他成功把布拉特赶下台，到底会有多少变化发生。他们两位都坚称国际足联并不腐败。毫无疑问的是，这项世界最受欢迎的运动需要一个比现在更好的政府。