时间:2019-01-18 作者:英语课 分类:托福英语


英语课

   独立分词(1)


  本期内容我们将讨论分词作状语,这里我们要分析另一种结构,即“名词+分词”结构,这里“名词”被称为分词的逻辑主语,以区别于句子主语。
  一、独立分词结构与状语从句
  我们都知道,分词是英语里很重要的一种连词成句的手段(其他的手段还有介词和连词),独立分词结构作为分词的一种特殊结构,在英语造句方面也起着重要作用。对于这一重要造句规则,有很多读者来信提问,他们往往不明白为什么会有独立分词结构这样的造句规则。要回答这个问题,首先,我们要明白,独立分词结构在句中都是用作状语,可以表示各种意义,比如表达时间、原因、让步等等。因此,独立分词结构与状语从句有着密切联系。下面我就通过比较
  独立分词结构和状语从句,来分析独立分词结构的由来。请比较下面例句:
  (1). a. As so many directors were absent, the board meeting had to be put off.
  b. So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.
  妙语点睛:
  在a句中,使用了一个由as引导的原因状语从句;在b句中,使用的是“名词(so many directors)+分词(being absent)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个原因状语从句。这里名词短语“so many directors”是分词短语的逻辑主语,句子主语是“the board meeting”。这里b句是2000年一道四级考题,原题是“So many directors _____, the board meeting had to be put off”,四个备选项是:A. were absent, B. being absent, C. been absent, D. had been absent。有读者会问:这里为什么不用谓语动词were absent或had been absent? 而要用非谓语动词being absent这样分词形式?这里因为逗号“,”后边已经有了一个完整的陈述句“the board meeting had to be put off”,又因为英语里逗号不能连接两个句子的,所以逗号前面只能是短语的形式,故要用分词短语being absent,而不是谓语were absent或had been absent。以下例句中b句均由于此原因而采用了分词形式。
  精品译文:
  由于有很多董事缺席,所以董事会只好延期举行。
  (2). a. When the machine malfunctioned 1, the worker called someone to fix it.
  b. The machine malfunctioning 2, the worker called someone to fix it.
  妙语点睛:
  在a句中,使用了一个由when引导的时间状语从句;在b句中,使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(malfunctioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个时间从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。
  精品译文:
  机器出故障之后,这位工人找了人来修。
  (3). a. Although the machine still functioned, we didn’t think it was practical to use.
  b. The machine still functioning, we didn’t think it was practical to use.
  妙语点睛:
  在a句中,使用了一个由although引导的让步状语从句;在b句中,使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(functioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个让步状语从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。
  精品译文:
  尽管该机器还能运转,但是我们认为它已不适用了。
  从以上例句,我们可以看出,独立分词结构与各种状语从句有密切关系,或者可以说,采用分词短语,是简化状语从句的一种手段。
  二、独立分词结构的连句功能
  当然,分词的连句功能不仅是体现在与状语从句的关系上面,还表现在其他方面,此时分词短语并不对应于某一个状语从句。请看例句:
  (4). a. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions. Karen only makes the small ones.
  b. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, while Karen only makes the small ones.
  c. Karen’s boss makes all the key decisions, Karen only making the small ones.
  妙语点睛:
  我们看到,这里a句是两个独立的陈述句,但由于两句在逻辑意思上有对照关系,所以我们可以用连词while连接,于是有了b句。而这种对照关系,我们可以通过分词短语表达出来,所以,我们可以进一步将其改写成c句。我们看到,这里的分词短语并没有对应于某个状语从句。这里,分词短语“Karen only making the small ones”即是一个独立分词结构,其逻辑主语是“Karen”,而句子的主语是"Karen’s boos".

发生故障(malfunction的过去式与过去分词)
  • Is there any way the dye pack malfunctioned back at the bank? 什么能使爆色板在银行内就失效? 来自电影对白
  • The malfunctioned roller of his mouse is under repair. 他鼠标的滚轴失灵了,正在修呢。 来自互联网
出故障
  • But something was malfunctioning in the equipment due to human error. 但由于人为的错误,设备发生故障了。 来自超越目标英语 第4册
  • Choke coils are useful for prevention of malfunctioning electronic equipment. 扼流圈对于防止电器设备的故障很有帮助。 来自互联网
标签: 托福语法
学英语单词
Achorion lebertii
alkaline reserve
allosyndisis
already-listed
angle of shear resistance
antenna inaequalis
Arbatax
atomic physicss
bar cutting machine
be one for the books
Bellegem
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biis
bilateral bearing
black mould of rice
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Bykovka
can feeder
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clicketting
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froken
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general once-over tillage
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guyette
ibm tivoli storage resource manager agent
iron stone
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krypton-85 source
large scale air separation plant
lead autunite
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liquid bath furnace
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luteal regression stage
marginal net revenue curve
melasyenogabbro
mesnyi
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Murzūq
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newly-appointeds
nonzero algebra
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oil gage
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paint the town red
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playgirl
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preheating evaporator
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processor consistency model
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prohibitory injunction
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ran ragged
see something of the world
seepage deformation
separated-gang cultivator
settlement slope
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silky pig iron
skreak
small-plate
Sooretama
soyt
standard preparation hours
stone net
tazmania
The ass waggeth his ears
tourist board
truxillic acid
unacknowledged connectionless-mode transmission
Vacutainer
ventricular escape
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welding blower
woodsia alpina gray