定语从句用法详解

 　　在复合句中 ， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句 ， 被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词 ， 引导定语从句的有关系代词 who, whom 1, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等 ， 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任句子成份。

　　1.由who引导的定语从句中 ， who用作主语 ， 如 ： This is the boy who often helps me.
　　2.由whom引导的定语从句中，whom用作宾语，如：The man whom you are waiting for has gone home.
　　3.由whose引导的定语从句中 ， whose用作定语 ， 如 ： Do you know the girl whose skirt is white?
　　4.由which引导的定语从句中，which用作主语或谓语动词的宾语或介词的宾语，如：
　　The room in which there is a machine 3 is a work shop.
　　The river which is in front of my house is very clean.
　　This is the pen which you want.
　　注意 ：
　　(1)whom, which用作介词宾语时 ， 介词可放在 whom、which之前 ， 也可放在从句原来的位置上；但在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来的位置上。如： He is the very person 4 whom we must take good care 5 of.
　　(2)引导非限制性定语从句时，必须用关系代词which，不用that,如：I have lost
　　my bag, which I like very much.
　　(3)关系代词在句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。
　　5.由that引导的定语从句中，that可以指人或物，在从句中作主语或谓语动词的宾语，但不能放在介词后面作介词宾语，如：
　　The book that I bought yesterday was 6 written by Lu Xun.
　　注意在下面几种情况下必须用 that引导定语从句。
　　(1)先行词是不定代词all, few 7, little, much, something, nothing, anything等 ， 如 ：
　　All that we have to do is to practise English.
　　(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，如
　　The first letter that I got 8 from him will be kept.
　　(3)先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰 ， 如
　　I've eaten up all the food that you gave 9 me.
　　(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时如
　　He is the only person that I want to talk with.
　　(5)先行词既有人又有物时，如:
　　They talked about persons 10 and things that they met.
　　(6)当句中已有who时 ， 为避免重复 ， 如 ： Who is the man that is giving us the
　　class?
　　6.由when, where, why引导的定语从句，如:
　　I don't know the reason 11 why he was late.
　　This is the place where we have lived for 5 years.
　　I'll never forget the day when I met Mr Li for the first time.
　　注意：先行词是表示地点时，如果从句的谓语动词是及物的，就用 that(which)，如果从句的谓语动词是不及物的，就用where引导。This is the house Which /that he has lived in for 15 years.(Where he has lived for 15 year.)
　　7. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
　　(1)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分，主句和从句之间不用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, of which等，这些关系代词都不能省略。
　　(2)非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明 ， 没有这种从句 ， 不影响主句意思的完整 ， 一般用逗号把主句和从句分开 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that;指人时可用who,如 ： I have two brothers, who are both students.
　　8．如何简化定语从句
　　（1）.定语从句简化为形容词或形容词短语作后置定语。如:
　　My grandfather lives in a village that is far away from here.
　　→My grandfather lives in a village far away from here.我祖父住在离这儿很远的一个村子。
　　This is a book that is worth 12 reading 13.
　　→This is a book worth reading. 这是一本值得看的书。
　　（2） 定语从句简化为现在分词或现在分词短语作前置或后置定语。
　　The man who is standing 14 under the tree is our English teacher.
　　→The man standing under the tree is our English teacher.
　　站在树下面的那个人是我们的英语老师。
　　I saw 15 the house that was burning 16 at that time.→I saw the burning house at that time.
　　当时我看到那房子在燃烧。
　　（3）定语从句简化为过去分词短语作后置定语。
　　I like to see the films which are directed 17 by Zhang Yimou.→I like to see the films directed by Zhang Yimou. 我喜欢看张艺谋导演的电影。
　　She is the girl who was praised 18 at the school meeting 19.→She is the girl praised at the school meeting. 她就是在校会上受表彰的那个女孩。
　　（4）定语从句简化为不定式作后置定语。
　　He is always the first person that comes to school.→He is always the first person to come to school.他总是第一个到校。
　　The report 20 which will be given 21 tomorrow is important 22 to us.→The report to be given tomorrow is important to us. 明天要作的报告对我们很重要。
　　（5）定语从句简化为what 从句。
　　I couldn't remember the words that he said 23.→I couldn't remember what he said.
　　我记不得他说的话。
　　【典型例题解析】
　　例 1 The second book ______I want to read is Business 24 @ the Speed 25 of Thought 26.
　　A. which B. what C. that D. as 2
　　解析 先行词 book被序数词修饰时要用that引导定语从句，故选C。
　　例 2 I'll never forget the days _____I stayed with you.
　　A. when B. in which C. that D. for which
　　解析 本题指时间，故选 A。
　　例 3 The book______ is sold 27 out at the moment.
　　A. you need B. what you need
　　C. which you need it D. that you need it
　　解析 B、C、D中的what和it与先行The book相抵触 ， 故选 A。
　　例 4 Is this the place ______Lincoln once lived.
　　A. that B. which C. where D. when
　　解析 本题指地点，故选 C。
　　例 5 I'm one of the boys _________ never late for school.
　　A. that is B. who are C. who am D. who is
　　解析 本题中 who用作主语，谓语动词与先行词the boys保持一致，故选B。
　　【选讲例题】
　　例 6 Her sister,______ you met at my home, was a teacher of English.
　　A. whom B. that C. which D. who is
　　解析 非限制性定语从句中 ， 关系代词用 which,不用that,但指人时用who或whom.故选A。
　　例 7 These book are for students _____ mother language 28 is not English.
　　A. of whom B. that C. which D. whose
　　解析 whose引导的定语从句中,whose用作定语，故选D。