考研翻译基础－－被动语态
时间：2019-01-11 作者：英语课 分类：英文语法词汇
英语中被动使用的范围很广。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或是为了便于连贯上下文等场合，往往使用被动语态。汉语中虽然也有被动语态，但使用范围狭窄很多。英语被动语态的句子，译成汉语时，很多情况下都可译成主动句，但也有一些可以保持被动语态。
一、译成汉语主动句：
英语中被动结构的句子译成汉语的主动句可以有几种不同的情况：
（一） 原文中的主语在译文中仍作主语
例1：The whole country was armed in a few days.
简析：主语：country; was armed 被动语态作谓语，但译成汉语后则不用被动语态。
译文：几天以内全国武装起来了。
（二） 原文中的主语在译文中作宾语
例2：It would be astonishing if that loss were not keenly felt.
简析：it是形式主语，真正主语是if后面的内容。其实实际整句话的主语省略了的。
译文：如果（人们）不强烈地感到损失，那倒是奇怪了。
（三） 译成带表语的主动句
例3：The decision to attack was not taken lightly.
简析：主语decision，谓语was not taken，译成汉语也较好理解，按英语字面翻译，去掉被动即可。
译文：进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。
（四） 常用被动句型的翻译
有一类以IT作为形式主语的英语句子，在译文中常要改成主动形式，有时加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”。
下面给出一部分，供参考：
1. 不加主语时
It is hoped that… 希望……
It is reported that… 据报……
It is supposed that… 据推测……
It must be admitted that… 必须承认……
It will be seen from this that… 由此可见……
2. 可加主语的
It is asserted that… 有人主张……
It is believed that… 有人相信（认为）……
It is well known that… 大家知道……（众所周知……）
二、译成汉语被动句
汉语也有用被动形式来表达的情况。这一类句子，都是着重被动的动作，有些说出了动作的主动者，有些则不说出动作的主动者。英语被动句译成汉语被动句时往往借助于以下各种方式：
（一）“被……”或“给……”
例4：Any minute we would surely be spotted 1 by enemy planes flying in and out o the airfield 2.
简析：这种情况加入一个字就能清楚而简练的表达原文意思，当然可以用被动啦。
译文：我们随时都会被出入机场的敌机发现。
（二）“（遭）受……”
例5：They were given a hearty 3 welcome.
简析：略。
译文：他们受到热烈欢迎。
（三）“为…所”
例6：I was so impressed by these words that I used them later for a Christmas card.
简析：通常这类会有by这个词的，一看就很容易想到用这个“为……所”的。
译文：我为这此话所深深感动，后来我就把它们写在圣诞贺卡上。
（五） 译成“把”、“使”和“由”字句
例7：The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.
简析：这样的句子可以根据上下文或自己的感觉来选择着译，也可以用上面的别的译法。
译文：大火使这著名旅馆几乎全部毁灭。
下面我们来练习一下吧：
1. It is scarcely surprising, then, that education systems have for several decades past been severely 4 criticized, partly on the ground that education prepares people to live in an already outdated 5 society.
2. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers 6, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behavior became markedly different.
3. Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily, only the question of when the transplanting will take place remains 7 to be considered.
4. A dialect is known by every linguist 8 in this room.
5. It must be admitted that only when we get a taste of its abuse will we feel the full meaning of cloning.
6. Our plans have been completely wrecked 9 by bad weather.
参考译文：
1、 那么教育体制在过去的几十年中受到严厉的批评，就不那么令人感到惊讶了，批评者的部分根据是，这种教育培养人们在一种已过时的社会中生存。
2、 但是，当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里，能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时，猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
3、 大部分问题已圆满解决，只剩下何时进行该移植手术问题有待讨论。
4、 有一种方言是在座的每一位语言学家都懂得的。
5、 必须承认，只有当我们尝到克隆被滥用的恶果后，我们才会彻底明白其价值所在。
6、 恶劣的天气使我们的计划完全落空。
- The milkman selected the spotted cows,from among a herd of two hundred.牛奶商从一群200头牛中选出有斑点的牛。
- Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.山姆的商店屯积了有斑点的短袜。
- The foreign guests were motored from the airfield to the hotel.用车把外宾从机场送到旅馆。
- The airfield was seized by enemy troops.机场被敌军占领。
- After work they made a hearty meal in the worker's canteen.工作完了，他们在工人食堂饱餐了一顿。
- We accorded him a hearty welcome.我们给他热忱的欢迎。
- He was severely criticized and removed from his post.他受到了严厉的批评并且被撤了职。
- He is severely put down for his careless work.他因工作上的粗心大意而受到了严厉的批评。
- That list of addresses is outdated,many have changed.那个通讯录已经没用了，许多地址已经改了。
- Many of us conform to the outdated customs laid down by our forebears.我们许多人都遵循祖先立下的过时习俗。
- The body will be removed into one of the cold storage chambers. 尸体将被移到一个冷冻间里。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- Mr Chambers's readable book concentrates on the middle passage: the time Ransome spent in Russia. Chambers先生的这本值得一看的书重点在中间：Ransome在俄国的那几年。 来自互联网
- He ate the remains of food hungrily.他狼吞虎咽地吃剩余的食物。
- The remains of the meal were fed to the dog.残羹剩饭喂狗了。
- I used to be a linguist till I become a writer.过去我是个语言学家，后来成了作家。
- Professor Cui has a high reputation as a linguist.崔教授作为语言学家名声很高。