高中英语人教版高二下课文10

[00:02.00]考古学

[00:04.00]Speak 1 Work with your partner and practise the following dialogue.

[00:07.68]说 1 和一个伙伴一起练习下在的对话。

[00:11.36]Student A talks about a topic he or she is interested in,

[00:14.25]学生A谈论他感兴趣的话题，

[00:17.14]while Student B gives suggestions.

[00:19.57]学生B给出一些建议。

[00:22.00]I'd like to know more about life as it was two hundred years ago.

[00:24.96]我想知道更多的关于两百年前的生活。

[00:27.92]Well.You can read some books about that.Why?

[00:31.01]嗯，你可以读一些那方面的书。为什么？

[00:34.09]I wonder what life was like in small towns in our province.

[00:36.75]我想知道我们省小城镇的生活是什么样的。

[00:39.42]Hmm.You could visit a local museum and study what archaeologists found.

[00:43.49]嗯，你以参观当地博物馆，看看考古学家的发现。

[00:47.57]No,I'm not interested in broken pots and vases.

[00:50.60]不，我对破碎的瓶瓶罐罐不感兴趣。

[00:53.63]I'd love to know what people talked about and how they really lived.

[00:56.52]我想知道人们谈论些什么，他们究竟怎样生活。

[00:59.40]That may be difficult to find out.

[01:01.53]那可能会有点难。

[01:03.66]What I'd really like to find out

[01:05.54]我真正想知道的是人们是否和我们一样

[01:07.42]is whether people would sometimes want to go on a holiday,as we do.

[01:10.00]有时想去度假等等诸如些类的事情。

[01:12.57]That sort of thing.

[01:15.44]READING   THE KING OF STONEHENGE

[01:19.57]阅读  巨石柱国王

[01:23.70]On May 3,2002,archaeologists in England

[01:26.66]2002年5月3日，英国考古学家

[01:29.63]found a grave 2 of a man dating back to around 2300 BC.

[01:33.10]发现一座大约公元前2，300年的一个男人的坟墓。

[01:36.57]When he died,the man was about 40 years old.

[01:38.95]他死的时候大约40岁。

[01:41.33]He was buried on his left side with his face to the north.

[01:44.06]安葬时，左侧身面向北方。

[01:46.79]The tests on his teeth show that he spent his youth in central Europe,

[01:49.73]通过对牙齿进行检测，可以肯定了在欧洲中部度过童年，

[01:52.67]perhaps Germany.

[01:54.13]也许是在德国。

[01:55.59]Buried with him were the tools of a hunter or warrior 3.

[01:57.96]陪葬品是猎人或者武士的一些工具。

[02:00.32]Some of the objects found in the grave

[02:02.31]坟墓里发现的物品

[02:04.29]give us an idea of how he was dressed when he was buried.

[02:06.81]使我们知道他被埋葬时的装束。

[02:09.33]There was a bone pin that may have been

[02:11.25]一枚骨钉可能是从一件衣服

[02:13.17]from a piece of clothing such as leather coat.

[02:15.59]（如皮外套）上掉下来的。

[02:18.00]He carried a copper 4 knife on his breast.

[02:20.03]他胸前带着一把铜刀。

[02:22.05]The most amazing find was tow 1 gold earrings 6.

[02:24.39]最令人惊叹的是发现了两个金耳环。

[02:26.73]That would have made him a man of distinction.

[02:30.67]Only a few centimetres from his head were two pots made of clay,

[02:37.05]tools and materials to make arrows,

[02:41.49]a bow and a dozen arrows for hunting and a second,

[02:46.95]smaller copper knife.

[02:50.61]Next to them lay a cushion stone,upon which the man could work metal.

[02:53.94]旁边有一块垫石，这个人能在在面做金属活。

[02:57.27]Everything found in the man's grave was probably given to him

[03:00.10]坟墓里发现的一切可能是留给他下辈子的生活用品，

[03:02.94]for his use in the next life.

[03:06.78]It was all that a person would need to survive

[03:09.05]是一个人生存所需要的一切-

[03:11.32]-clothing,tools,weapons,pottery and spare materials to make new tools.

[03:15.55]衣服、工具、武器、陶器和制造新工具需要的备用材料。

[03:19.78]The discovery is important for a variety of reasons.

[03:22.27]很多原因都说明了这一发现很重要。

[03:24.75]His grave is the richest of any found from that period.

[03:27.87]他的坟墓是那个时代发现的最富有的一个，

[03:30.99]This was a time when the first metals were brought to Britain.

[03:33.72]这正是首批金属运往英国的时期。

[03:36.45]and this man was buried with two gold earring 5

[03:38.88]这个人埋葬时的两个金耳环

[03:41.31]which are the oldest gold ever found in Britain(dated to 2470 BC).

[03:45.63]是迄今为止英国发现的最古老的黄金（公元前2，470年）。

[03:49.96]He was important for another reason:

[03:51.93]另一个原因也说明很重要：

[03:53.90]he was buried three miles from Stonehenge

[03:56.17]他埋葬在离巨石柱三英里的地方，

[03:58.45]at the time when the great stones were being brought to Salisbury to build it.

[04:01.48]正是这些巨大的石头被运往索尔兹伯里来修建巨石柱时埋葬的。

[04:04.51]Archaeologists tend to believe that this man was a member of a powerful class

[04:07.89]考古学家倾向于认为这个人是统治阶级的一个成员，

[04:11.27]that may well have organised the construction of Stonehenge.

[04:13.90]也许正是他组织巨石柱的建筑工作。

[04:16.52]For these reasons,this man has been called the King of Stonehenge.

[04:19.64]基于这些原因，这个人一直被叫做巨石柱国王。

[04:22.77]Stonehenge was begun around 3000 BC.

[04:25.29]巨石柱大约始建于公元前3，000年，

[04:27.81]In about 2300 BC the huge stone circles were built.

[04:31.35]大约公元前2，300年巨石柱被建成。

[04:34.89]The biggest stones weight approximately 20 tons

[04:37.37]最大的石块重达20吨，

[04:39.85]and came from a place not very far.

[04:42.28]来自不远的地方。

[04:44.71]But the smaller blue stones,stil weighing four tons on average,

[04:47.79]但是小的蓝色石块每块也有四吨重，

[04:50.87]came from west Wales.

[04:52.70]都来自威尔士西部。

[04:54.53]It is not yet known how these were conveyed 7 over a distance of 380 kilometres.

[04:58.46]还不知道这些石块是怎样运过380公里路程的。

[05:02.39]It is also a mystery how early man was able to construct Stonehenge

[05:05.63]早期人类是怎样在既没有现代的建筑机器，

[05:08.87]without the use of modern construction machines and lorries.

[05:11.65]也没有马力情况下修建巨石柱也是一件神秘的事情。

[05:14.44]It is possible that the King of Stonehenge was linked to the stones:

[05:17.56]可能巨石柱国王就和这些石块有关：

[05:20.68]he may have had a hand in planning the monument,

[05:23.30]他也许掌管了这座纪念物的规划

[05:25.93]or in helping 8 transport and pull up the stones.

[05:28.52]或者帮助运输和拖巨石。

[05:31.10]Perhaps the most important fact about the King of Stonehenge

[05:33.83]关于巨石柱国王最重要的事实也许就是他来自中欧。

[05:36.56]is that his homeland was somewhere in Central Europe.

[05:41.11]He is an example of people who brought culture

[05:43.54]人们把欧洲大陆把文化和新技术带到英国，

[05:45.97]and new techniques from the European mainland 9 to Britain.

[05:48.55]他就是一个例子。

[05:51.14]In terms of technical development,

[05:53.06]就技术发展而言，

[05:54.98]pople were going from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age.

[05:57.41]当时人们正经过石器时代到铜器时代。

[05:59.84]In the Stone Age most tools were made of stone.

[06:02.32]大多数的工具是用石头做的。

[06:04.80]In the Bronze Age,people could make tools of copper and bronze,but not iron.

[06:08.29]在铜器时代，他们能够制作各种金属例如铜和青铜，但不能制作铁。

[06:11.77]Iron came later,in what was called the Iron Age.

[06:14.65]后来才有铁，就是我们所说的铁器时时代。

[06:17.52]At first it was thought that the skills to make copper and bronze objects

[06:20.55]首先人们认为这是经过了战争和武装冲突，

[06:23.58]spread to Britain was through war and armed conflict,

[06:28.94]but it is now believed to have happened through trade and cultural links.

[06:32.07]但是现在人们相信是通过贸易和文化交流。

[06:35.21]The King of Stonehenge came with the skills to make metal,

[06:37.73]巨石柱国王带来了制作金属的技术，

[06:40.25]and that would have given him a high status in the eyes of local people.

[06:43.28]在当地人眼中拥有崇高的地位。

[06:46.31]Some of the artefacts in his grave came from remote places.

[06:48.99]他墓中的有些人工制品来自很远的地方。

[06:51.66]It has been proved that the copper knives came from places as distant as Spain

[06:54.99]铜刀已经被证明来自西班牙

[06:58.32]and western France.The gold jewellery came from Europe too.

[07:01.30]和法国西部。黄金首饰也来自欧洲。

[07:04.28]INTEGRATING SKILLS

[07:07.70]综合技巧

[07:11.12]Reading  ROOTS OF CHINESE CUL TURE

[07:13.35]阅读  中国文化的根源

[07:15.57]Jinsha Village near Chengdu,in southwest Sichuan province,

[07:18.70]2001年，位于四川省西南部、成都附近的金沙村

[07:21.84]became famous all over China in 2001

[07:24.76]成为全中国著名的村庄。

[07:27.69]Construction workers from a local company were building roads there.

[07:30.61]当时本地一家公司的建设工人正在那里修建公路。

[07:33.54]On February 8,they found ivory 10 and jade 11 in the mud.

[07:36.72]2月8日，他们在地下发现了象牙和玉器。

[07:39.91]Soon,the police arrived and closed the site.

[07:42.64]不久，警方赶到并关闭了现场。

[07:45.37]Since then,archaeologists have found more than a thousand artefacts,

[07:48.75]从此，考古学家发现了一千多件文物，

[07:52.14]including gold,jade,bronze and stone objects

[07:55.31]包括：金器、铜器、和石器，

[07:58.48]as well as a large quantity of ivory

[08:00.97]以及大量的至少来自500头大象的象牙。

[08:03.45]that must have come from at least 500 elephants.

[08:08.88]The ivory and animal bones that were found will serve as important materials

[08:12.45]发掘的象牙和动物骨骼成为研究当地古代地理、

[08:16.01]for the study of local geography,

[08:18.08]气候和环境的重要材料。

[08:20.14]climate and the environment in ancient times.

[08:25.10]Many of the relics 12 look very much like those found at Sanxingdui.

[08:28.42]许多文物看上去和三星堆发现的很像，

[08:31.74]For example,a gold mask and a bronze statue of a man

[08:35.00]例如，一件金面具和铜立人像

[08:38.27]remind visitors of the bronze masks and big bronze statues at Sanzingdui

[08:42.66]使人参观者想到三星堆出土的铜面具和铜立人像，

[08:47.05]because of their similar style.

[08:48.82]因为它们造型风格上相差无几。

[08:50.60]Among the many jade objects found at Jinsha,

[08:53.38]在金沙发掘的很多玉器中，

[08:56.16]one piece,called a cong by ancient Chinese,

[08:59.04]一件中国古代称作“琮”的玉器

[09:01.91]was not made in Sichuan.

[09:03.84]并非四川制造。

[09:05.78]It was transported ther from the lower area of the Yangtze River.

[09:08.95]而是长江下游地区运来的。

[09:12.12]Other relics discovered at Jinsha made archaeologists believe that Sichuan

[09:15.61]金沙发掘的其它文物使考古学家相信四川

[09:19.10]not only had trade links with the Yangtze

[09:21.62]不仅和长江、黄河流域、

[09:24.14]and Yellow River valleys,

[09:27.69]Yunnan and Guizhou provinces,but also with northern Vietnam.

[09:31.08]云南以及贵州省有贸易往来，而且和越南北部也有贸易联系。

[09:34.46]Before the discoveries,

[09:36.24]在发现这些文物以前，

[09:38.01]it was believed that Sichuan only had a history of about 2,300 years.

[09:41.89]人们一直认为四川只有大约2，300年历史。

[09:45.77]Now,archaeologists think that the Jinsha Ruins

[09:48.71]现在，考古学家认为金沙遗址

[09:51.65]may have been the political and cultural centre of the ancient Shu Kingdom,

[09:55.47]可有曾是约3000年前从三星堆

[09:59.30]which moved from Sanxingdui to Chengdu about 3,000 years ago.

[10:02.84]迁到成都的古蜀王国的政治文化中心。

[10:06.38]Sanxingdui was first discovered by farmers.

[10:08.90]三星堆首先是农民发现的。

[10:11.42]In the spring of 1929,a farmer in today's Nanxing Town,

[10:15.00]1929年春，一个农民（今天南兴镇）在地里劳动时，

[10:18.58]was working in the fields,when his son dug up a round piece of jade.

[10:22.30]他的儿子挖掘到一件圆形玉器，

[10:26.02]They found a hole filled with more than 400 jade objects.

[10:29.29]他们发现一个坑装有400多种玉器。

[10:32.56]Local teachers and officials came to his home,

[10:35.09]当地老师和官员来到他家，

[10:37.62]but none of them could say in which dynasty the jade objects were made.

[10:41.01]但谁也说不清这些玉器出自哪个朝代。

[10:44.39]In 1953,Yan Kaizong accompanied his grandfather

[10:48.07]1953年，严开宗陪伴着祖父把这些文物交给了政府。

[10:51.76]when he gave the relics from the ruins to the state.

[10:56.93]It was four o'clock in the afternoon

[10:59.15]下午四点他和祖父来到广汉博物馆，

[11:01.37]when he and his grandpa reached the museum in Guanghan,

[11:07.72]where an official warmly received them.

[11:09.90]受到官员热情接待。

[11:12.08]"My grandpa told us not to keep things that don't belong to us.

[11:15.30]“我们不要留下不属于我们的东西。

[11:18.53]I believe what he said,"said Yan kaizong.

[11:21.12]我相信他说的话。”严开宗说。

[11:23.70]Since 1929,more than 10,000 relics dating back to between 5000 BC

[11:27.78]自从1929年以来，公元前5000年和3000年间的

[11:31.85]and 3000 BC have been discovered.

[11:34.19]大约10，000多件文物被发掘出来。

[11:36.53]The Sanxingdui Ruins Site covers a vast area of about 12 square kilometres.

[11:40.55]三星堆遗址占地面积广，大约12平方千米。

[11:44.57]From March to August 1986,

[11:46.85]从1986年三月到八月，

[11:49.12]archaeologists of the History Department of Sichuan University,

[11:52.20]四川大学历史系的考古学家、

[11:55.28]Sichuan Archaeological Research institute

[11:57.81]四川考古研究所

[12:00.33]and the city of Guanghan dug 53 holes.

[12:03.15]和广汉市发掘了53个坑。

[12:05.97]When the work was finished,over 1,200 pieces,

[12:09.09]发掘工作结束后，共发现1，200多件文物，

[12:12.21]including bronze and gold masks,

[12:14.59]包括；青铜和金面具、

[12:16.97]bronze objects and images,jade amd ivory had been found.

[12:20.35]青铜器和青铜器和青铜铸像、玉器以及象牙器。

[12:23.73]Archeologists will continue their work,

[12:25.81]考古学家对三星堆遗址的发掘

[12:27.89]digging at the Sanxingdui Ruins from 2003 until 2010.

[12:31.82]从2003一直持续到2010年。

[12:35.75]They hope to discover some of the mysterious palaces,

[12:38.64]他们希望发现一些神秘的宫殿、

[12:41.52]tombs of kings and bronze and jade workshops.

[12:44.30]国王的坟墓以及青铜器作坊。

[12:47.09]Integrating Skills

[12:56.65]Reading   Threats to our national treasures

[13:02.39]People have always had interest in the past.

[13:07.67]Professor Xu,

[13:10.83]what are the most important dangers to our archaeological treasures?

[13:17.00]They get damaged or lost.It's a matter of education.

[13:22.77]People fail to take the right steps when something is found.

[13:28.02]Fortunately,the government

[13:31.55]has helped spreading the basic knowledge among the population,

[13:36.61]telling what is to be done when an archaeological find is made.

[13:41.76]What does that knowledge consist of?

[13:45.84]Well,when something is found,

[13:49.99]construction work must be stopped and the police should be told about the find.

[13:56.34]That is to make sure that no further damage will be done.

[14:01.20]Does it still happen that people do not report things they find?

[14:06.76]yes,indeed.They doubt whether it is necessary to do so.

[14:13.52]It sometimes happens that a find is not very valuable.

[14:18.57]They are afraid that they would make scientists come for nothing.

[14:24.03]Are ther other reasons why people odn't report their finds?

[14:29.49]Oh yes.People are afraid that archaeologists may take a real interest in the site

[14:36.56]and spend many weeks or months digging around at it.

[14:41.82]That would result in farmers missing 13 the right opportunity to plant crops

[14:47.88]or construction work to be stopped for a long time.

[14:52.73]They don't realise that they should not weigh their own business interest

[14:58.77]against our national history.

[15:02.71]If it is so important to dig things up and collect them,

[15:08.07]then why are archaeologists worried that other people dig up artefacts

[15:14.23]and give them to museums or add them

[15:19.20]to their own private archaeological collections?

[15:24.24]Archaeology is a professional discipline.

[15:29.07]Years of training and experience are needed.

[15:33.51]It is not just about finding 14 things and digging them up.

[15:38.06]The field work must be done very carefully.

[15:42.52]Of every find there needs to be a written record,

[15:47.88]to which a photograph must be added.

[15:51.82]The records must also state exactly what was found,

[15:56.87]where it was found and when.

[16:00.71]The outdoor work is followed by work in the lab,

[16:05.56]cleaning,restoring and identifying each artefact.

[16:10.81]Finally,when all is done,

[16:14.58]an analysis must be written and published in a magazine or a book.

[16:19.91]Are there any other dangers,natural disasters perhaps?

[16:25.76]Unfortunately there are treasur ehunters:

[16:30.72]people who search for valuable objects,

[16:34.66]especially jewelery and gold.They are the worst.

[16:40.02]History does not need to fear nature very much

[16:44.67]What has been buried has often been buried well.

[16:49.92]It is often human digging that causes the loss of valuable materials.

[16:56.40]it may seem a contradiction,but leaving things as they are

[17:01.75]would often be the best way of keeping things for the generations to come