15篇文章贯通六级词汇Unit13-Part2

[00:00.00]A dvertisements depict 1 gender 2 bias 3

[00:03.62]while promoting products.

[00:05.04]Looking at merchandise displays

[00:07.12]in any mall will reveal that

[00:09.75]a picture of a juvenile 4 lad would

[00:12.26]be near construction equipment

[00:13.57]while an ad for perfume

[00:15.21]would likely show a female.

[00:16.75]The drawback of this seemingly innocent way

[00:20.68]of displaying merchandise is that

[00:22.98]they tend to affirm the bias

[00:24.84]of the individuals who design them.

[00:26.48]This is a serious flaw.

[00:29.11]Maybe the intent was not to be exclusive

[00:32.39]but that is the end result

[00:34.14]of the message that is evoked 6,

[00:35.56]whether subliminal 7 or overt 8.

[00:38.08]An alternate way of viewing the world,

[00:40.81]with either both genders 9 portrayed 10

[00:43.44]or neither with the items,

[00:44.97]may seem bizarre but marketing 11 specialists

[00:48.25]have been applauded

[00:49.46]for making the effort to do so.

[00:51.21]The hypothesis has been suggested

[00:54.16]that if this practise were widespread

[00:57.01]it would facilitate a change

[00:59.30]for the better in the values

[01:01.27]that are embedded 12 in our society.

[01:03.24]When you read a biography

[01:05.98]in a newspaper in a metropolitan 13 area,

[01:08.61]you will find that different words

[01:10.79]are used to describe males and females.

[01:13.20]In almost any literary work,

[01:16.26]personal appearance is seldom mentioned

[01:19.11]when describing males,

[01:20.64]but commonly used

[01:22.72]when a female is the subject of the article.

[01:25.12]Forms of address that are considered proper

[01:29.28]to use are also discriminatory.

[01:31.83]Males are always referred to as

[01:34.56] Mr. (except a very young lad

[01:37.41]might be addressed as Master).

[01:39.05]There are several forms of abbreviations

[01:42.44]to use before the name of a female.

[01:44.19]It is permissible 14 to use Mrs.,

[01:46.93]Miss, or Ms.

[01:48.79]The choice of abbreviation

[01:50.97]is by personal preference

[01:52.51]of the person being addressed

[01:54.48]but they have different meanings.

[01:56.12]Mrs. is used to signify a married woman.

[02:00.17]Miss means an unmarried or single woman.

[02:03.89]Ms. could mean either

[02:06.40]and is the choice of many women

[02:08.15]because it does not reveal their marital 15 status.

[02:10.56]How strange that society feels

[02:14.06]it is necessary to be able

[02:16.03]to deduce a woman's marital status

[02:18.00]from her name by providing

[02:19.64]this form of definitive 16 identification.

[02:22.16]A man could be married

[02:24.45]or could be a bachelor

[02:25.88]and one is not able

[02:27.73]to ascertain 17 his marital status from his name.

[02:30.03]Why, then, is it necessary

[02:32.77]to differentiate 18 between a woman

[02:35.18]who is married and one who is not?

[02:37.04]Many of the cases of sexual harassment 19

[02:41.42]that are dealt with in corporations

[02:43.28]are a result of stereotyping 20.

[02:45.35]Usually the person

[02:47.98]who is the alleged 21 harasser 22 is a male

[02:50.60]who supervises females.

[02:52.46]Males have been taught by society

[02:55.20]that they are the privileged gender

[02:57.28]and have power over any female.

[02:59.25]This is the basis

[03:01.24]behind most incidents of harassment.

[03:04.08]How strange that intelligent men feel entitled

[03:08.02]to take advantage of females

[03:09.77]in a subordinate position.

[03:11.53]To heighten awareness 23,

[03:13.94]forums or symposiums are held

[03:17.11]to enlighten people about the importance

[03:19.81]of using inclusive language

[03:21.66]but may people still resist changing.

[03:24.19]Some people are determined 24 that

[03:27.68]the word man also includes woman.

[03:29.76]Sometimes the meaning does incorporate women

[03:33.16]and sometimes it doesn?t.

[03:35.01]However, many woman insist that

[03:38.84]they are never quite sure of the meaning

[03:40.70]and suggest that the word humanity

[03:42.67]should be used instead

[03:45.08]when the intended meaning is both men

[03:46.83]and women and then

[03:49.46]there would be no confusion.

[03:50.54]It is incomprehensible to others

[03:53.83]why they refuse to change.

[03:55.58]A booklet or pamphlet is available

[03:59.30]for reference in most work places

[04:01.70]to help people use inclusive language

[04:03.79]in any writing in the workplace.

[04:05.64]Some government offices have produced a leaflet

[04:09.59]that can be used by companies

[04:11.44]that do not have the impetus 25

[04:13.09]or the resources to design their own.

[04:15.38]Studies about gender differences

[04:19.10]have suggested a hypothesis

[04:21.51]that females have better verbal skills,

[04:24.02]while males excel at tasks

[04:26.32]requiring the ability to visualize 26.

[04:28.62]Conclusions of many of the studies have proved

[04:33.22]it invalid 27 and found instead

[04:35.40]the differences between the genders

[04:37.37]to be almost nil 5. T

[04:39.23]here are, however, notable differences

[04:43.50]between individuals regardless of their gender.

[04:46.24]The absurd criterion for

[04:49.52]judging a person's ability based on

[04:51.81]their gender needs to be abolished.

[04:53.56]Until this is seen as being abnormal,

[04:56.63]the attempt to updated attitudes

[04:59.03]without removing the underlying 28 cause

[05:01.11]of the societal values will be useless.