美国学生历史 第37期:无代表权税收(3)

 　　113. Repeal 1 of the Stamp Act, 1766. 113．废除《印花税法案》（1766年）

　　It chanced that at this moment George III and George Grenville fell out. 碰巧此时乔治三世和乔 治o格伦维尔在互相猜忌，
　　The king dismissed the minister, and gave the Marquis of Rockingham the headship of a new set of ministers. 国王撤掉了这个部长，任命金厄姆为新内阁成员的领导者。
　　Now Rockingham and his friends needed aid from somebody to give them the strength to outvote Grenville and the Tories. 此时， 罗金厄姆和他的朋友们需要一些支持以获得比格伦维尔和保守党更多的选票，
　　So when the question of what should be done about the Stamp Act came up, they listened most attentively 2 to what Mr. Pitt had to say. 因此，在如何处置《印花税法案》 这一问题上他们诚挚地听从皮特先生的意见。
　　That great man said that the Stamp Act should be repealed 3 wholly and at once. 伟大的皮特认为 《印花税法案》应该立刻给予完全废止，
　　At the same time another law should be passed declaring that Parliament had power to legislate 4 for the colonies in all cases whatsoever 5. 同时， 应该通过一项法律宣布议会有权在所有事件上制定法律。
　　The Rockinghams at once did as Mr. Pitt suggested. 罗金厄姆的人立刻按照皮特先生的提议去做，
　　The Stamp Act was repealed. The Declaratory Act was passed. In the colonies Pitt was praised as a deliverer. 废除《 印花税法案》并通过《公告令》。皮特被殖民地居民誉为拯救者，
　　Statues of him were placed in the streets, pictures of him were hung in public halls. 他的塑像被安置到大街上，他的画像被张贴在公共礼堂里。
　　But, in reality, the passage of the Declaratory Act was the beginning of more trouble. 但事实上，《公告令》 的通过开启了通往更多麻烦之门。
　　114. The Townshend Acts, 1767. 114．《汤森法案》（1767年）
　　The Rockingham ministers did what Mr. Pitt advised them to do. 罗金厄姆的人对皮特先生惟命是从，
　　He then turned them out and made a ministry 6 of his own. 可是， 皮特先生赶走了他们并组织一个他自己的事务部，
　　He was now Earl of Chatham, and his ministry was the Chatham Ministry. 于是， 他成为查塔姆伯爵，他的事务部就是查塔姆事务部。
　　The most active of the Chatham ministers was Charles Townshend. 在这个事务部的官员中最为卖力的是查尔斯o汤森，
　　He had the management of the finances and found them very hard to manage. 他掌管着资产并发现管理起来很难。
　　So he hit upon a scheme of laying duties on wine, oil, glass, lead, painter's colors, and tea imported into the colonies. 后来，他想出纳税计划，对进口到殖民地的酒、油、玻璃、铅、颜料和茶等征税。
　　Mr. Pitt had said that Parliament could regulate colonial trade. 皮特先生说过议会可以管理殖民地的贸易，
　　The best way to regulate trade was to tax it. 而最好的管理方式是对贸易征税。
　　At the same time that Townshend brought in this bill, he brought in others to reorganize the colonial customs service and make it possible to collect the duties. 在拿出这个法案的同时汤森还制定几个法案以改组殖民地的海关服务，使之完成收税任务。
　　He even provided that offences against the revenue laws should be tried by judges appointed directly by the king, without being submitted to a jury of any kind. 他甚至提出， 违反税法的行为应该交给国王直接任命的法官处置， 而不需要交给任何陪审团裁决。
　　115. Colonial Opposition 7, 1768. 115．1768年的殖民反抗
　　Many years before this, Parliament had made a law taxing all sugar brought into the continental 8 colonies, except sugar that had been made in the British West Indies. 议会在多年前已经制定一个对进口到北美大陆殖民地的糖 （原产于不列颠西印度群岛的糖例外）征税的一项法规，
　　Had this law been carried out, the trade of Massachusetts and other New England colonies would have been ruined. 一旦颁布这个法规，马萨诸塞和新英格兰殖民地的贸易将被毁掉，
　　But the law was not enforced. 但是， 这个法规没有被强制执行，
　　No one tried to enforce it, except during the few months of vigor 9 at the time of the arguments about writs 10 of assistance. 除了在"给予援助令" 论辩时期一度有几个月对此吵得很热， 也没有人试图强制执行它。
　　As the taxes were not collected, no one cared whether they were legal or not. 由于没有交到税， 也没有人在意这些税目是否合法。
　　Now it was plain that this tax and the Townshend duties were to be collected. 此时， 很显然应该将这种税与汤森关税合并起来。
　　The Massachusetts House of Representatives drew up a circular letter to the other colonial assemblies asking them to join in opposing the new taxes. 马萨诸塞众议院向其他殖民地发出一封通函， 邀请它们加入反对新税目的行列。
　　The British government ordered the House to recall the letter. 不列颠政府命令众议院收回这封信，
　　It refused and was dissolved. 众议院予以拒绝并被解散。
　　The other colonial assemblies were directed to take no notice of the circular letter. They replied at the first possible moment and were dissolved. 其他殖民议会被通知不要理睬这封通函，但是它们在第一时间回复通函，这些殖民议会也被解散。