美国学生历史 第20期:新荷兰和新瑞典(2)

 　　60. The Founding of New Netherland. 60．新荷兰的创建

　　In 1621 the Dutch West India Company was founded. 1621年，荷兰西印度公司创建，
　　Its first object was trade, but it also was directed "to advance the peopling" of the American lands claimed by the Dutch. 它的首要任务是贸易，但是，荷兰人宣称它还要引导美洲“居住人口的提升”。
　　Colonists 1 now came over; they settled at New Amsterdam, on the southern end of Manhattan Island, 此时，殖民者过来了，他们在曼哈顿岛南端的新阿姆斯特丹定居，
　　and also on the western end of Long Island. 也在长岛西端定居。
　　By 1628 there were four hundred colonists in New Netherland. 截止到1628年，新荷兰有四百多名殖民地居民，
　　But the colony did not grow rapidly, so the Company tried to interest rich men in the scheme of colonization 2, 但是，这个殖民地的发展并不快，西印度公司因此试图吸引殖民方案中的富人过来，
　　by giving them large tracts 3 of land and large powers of government. 于是，向他们提供大片土地和政府要职。
　　These great land owners were called patroons. Most of them were not very successful. 这些拥有大片土地的人被叫做大庄园主，他们多数并不十分成功，
　　Indeed, the whole plan was given up before long, and land was given to any one who would come out and settle. 实际上，不久整个计划都被搁浅，土地被送给所有来此定居的人。
　　61. Kieft and the Indians, 1643—44. 61．基福特和印第安人（1643——1644年）
　　The worst of the early Dutch governors was William Kieft. 早期荷兰总督中最坏的是威廉·基福特，
　　He was a bankrupt and a thief, who was sent to New Netherland in the hope that he would reform. 他是一个破产者和小偷，是被发送到新荷兰改过自新的人。
　　At first he did well and put a stop to the smuggling 4 and cheating which were common in the colony. 最初威廉·基福特做得很好，阻止了殖民地上常见的欺骗和走私。
　　Emigrants 5 came over in large numbers, and everything seemed to be going on well 移民们纷至沓来，一切似乎井然有序，
　　when Kieft's brutality 6 brought on an Indian war that nearly destroyed the colony. 但是，基福特的残暴带来一场印第安人战争，这场战争几乎毁掉这片殖民地。
　　The Indians living near New Amsterdam sought shelter from the Iroquois on the mainland opposite Manhattan Island. 居住在新阿姆斯特丹附近的印第安人从居住在曼哈顿岛对面大陆上的易洛魁族人那里寻求庇护，
　　Kieft thought it would be a grand thing to kill all these Indian neighbors while they were collected together. 基福特认为，在这些印第安人邻居聚集在一起时杀死他们实为上策。
　　He sent a party of soldiers across the river and killed many of them. 他派出一支队伍过河杀死了许多印第安人，
　　The result was a fierce war with all the neighboring tribes. 这导致了与所有邻近部族之间的一场残酷战争。
　　The Dutch colonists were driven from their farms. Even New Amsterdam with its stockade 7 was not safe. 印第安人将荷兰殖民者赶出农场，即使带有栅栏的新阿姆斯特丹也不是安全之所，
　　For the Indians sometimes came within the stockade and killed the people in the town. 因为印第安人有时靠近栅栏去杀死镇上的人。
　　When there were less than two hundred people left in New Amsterdam, Kieft was recalled, 在镇上剩下不足两百人时，基福特被召回，
　　and Peter Stuyvesant was sent as governor in his stead. 彼得·斯特文森特接替他担任总督。