美国学生历史 第22期:查理二世的殖民统治(1)

 　　Chapter 8 第8章

　　The Colonies Under Charles II 查理二世的殖民统治
　　65. The Puritans and the Colonists 1, 1649—1660. 65．清教徒和殖民地（1649——1660年）
　　In 1649 Charles I was executed, and for eleven years the Puritans were supreme 2 in England. 1649年，查理一世被处死，在接下来的十一年间，清教徒在英格兰处于最高地位，
　　During this time the New England colonists governed themselves, 新英格兰殖民地居民处于自治状态，
　　and paid little heed 3 to the wishes and orders of England's rulers. 几乎不理睬英格兰统治者的命令和意愿。
　　After some hesitation 4, the Virginians accepted the authority of Cromwell and the Puritans. 经过一番犹豫，弗吉尼亚人接受了克伦威尔当局和清教徒，
　　In return they were allowed to govern themselves. 作为回报，当局政府允许他们自治。
　　In Maryland the Puritans overturned Baltimore's governor and ruled the province for some years. 在马里兰，清教徒推翻了巴尔的摩的统治，他们统治这个地区数年。
　　66. Colonial Policy of Charles II. 66．查理二世的殖民政策
　　In 1660 Charles II became king of England or was "restored" to the throne, as people said at the time. 1660年查理二世成为英格兰国王，或者用当时人们的话说，他被“推回”到王位上。
　　Almost at once there was a great revival 5 of interest in colonization 6, 几乎与此同时，人们恢复了对殖民的极大兴趣，
　　and the new government interfered 7 vigorously in colonial affairs. 新政府强烈干预殖民事件。
　　In 1651 the Puritans had begun the system of giving the English trade only to English merchants and shipowners. 清教徒于1651年开始推行一个制度——只将英国贸易交给英国商人和船主，
　　This system was now extended, and the more important colonial products could be carried only to English ports. 现在，这个制度被深化——来自殖民地的较为重要物产只能运往英国港口。
　　67. Attacks on Massachusetts. 67．进攻马萨诸塞
　　The new government was especially displeased 8 by the independent spirit shown by Massachusetts. 马萨诸塞人表现出的独立精神令新政府非常不满。
　　Only good Puritans could vote in that colony, and members of the Church of England could not even worship as they wished. 在这个殖民地，只有良善的清教徒才可以投票，英格兰教会成员甚至不可以根据自己的意愿来做礼拜；
　　The Massachusetts people paid no heed whatever to the navigation laws 马萨诸塞人不在乎航海法规，
　　and asserted that acts of Parliament had no force in the colony. 并宣告说议会在这个殖民地没有约束力。
　　It chanced that at this time Massachusetts had placed herself clearly in the wrong by hanging four persons for no other reason than that they were Quakers. 此时恰巧发生了一件事情：马萨诸塞单单以教友派信徒为由处死四个人，毫无疑问马萨诸塞犯了错。
　　The English government thought that now the time had come to assert its power. 英国政府认为到了宣示其权力的时候了，
　　It ordered the Massachusetts rulers to send other Quakers to England for trial. 它命令马萨诸塞的统治者将其他教友派信徒送到英格兰接受询问，
　　But, when this order reached Massachusetts, there were no Quakers in prison awaiting trial, and none were ever sent to England. 但是，当这个命令到达马萨诸塞时，没有教友派信徒在监狱中等候询问，也没有人被押送往英格兰。
　　68. Connecticut and Rhode Island. 68．康涅狄格和罗得岛
　　While the English government was attacking Massachusetts it was giving most liberal charters to Connecticut and to Rhode Island. 英国政府在进攻马萨诸塞的同时给康涅狄格和罗得岛提供最为自由的特许状，
　　Indeed, these charters were so liberal that they remained the constitutions of the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island until long after the American Revolution. 实际上，这些特许状如此慷慨大方，它们甚至保有了康涅狄格和罗得岛的地方宪法，这种情况一直维持到美洲革命。
　　The Connecticut charter included New Haven 9 within the limits of the larger colony 康涅狄格宪章将纽黑文纳入康涅狄格这个大殖民地，
　　and thus put an end to the separate existence of New Haven. 由此终结了纽黑文的独立存在。