TED演讲:气味背后的科学(4)
时间:2018-12-19 作者:英语课 分类:TED演讲教育篇
英语课
Here's how shape works in normal receptors. 这里展示的是形状是如何对通常的感受器起作用的。
You have a molecule 1 coming in, it gets into the protein, which is schematic here, 一个分子进来,进到蛋白质里,图中所示意的就是蛋白质,
and it causes this thing to switch, to turn, to move in some way by binding 2 in certain parts. 通过合并某些部分,它让这个东西转变、旋转向某个方向移动起来。
And the attraction, the forces, between the molecule and the protein cause the motion. This is a shape-based idea. 分子和蛋白质之间的互相吸引和作用力造成了运动。这是基于形状理论的想法。
Now, what's wrong with shape is summarized in this slide. 这张幻灯片总结了为什么形状理论是错误的。
The way --I expect everybody to memorize these compounds. 这种方式--我希望每一个人把这些化合物都记住。
This is one page of work from a chemist's workbook, OK? 这是一个化学家工作手册中的一页。
Working for a fragrance 3 company. 他为一家香水公司工作。
He's making 45 molecules 4, and he's looking for a sandalwood, something that smells of sandalwood. 他要制造45个分子,他正在寻找檀香料就是闻起来像檀香木的东西。
Because there's a lot of money in sandalwoods. 因为檀香木很贵。
And of these 45 molecules, only 4629 actually smells of sandalwood. 在这45个分子之中只有编号为4629的闻起来像檀香木。
And he puts an exclamation 5 mark, OK? 于是他在上面标注了一个感叹号。
This is an awful lot of work. 这个工作量很大。
This actually is roughly, in man-years of work, 200,000 dollars roughly, if you keep them on the low salaries with no benefits. 在低酬劳和没有福利的条件下,这大概是一个人好几年的工作量,大约需要20万美金。
So this is a profoundly inefficient 6 process. 这是一个效率极低的过程。
And my definition of a theory is, it's not just something that you teach people; it's labor 7 saving. 我认为“理论”不仅是可以拿来教授别人的东西,同时也是节约劳动力的东西。
A theory is something that enables you to do less work. 一个理论可以使人们做更少的工作。
I love the idea of doing less work. 我喜欢少做工作这个想法。
So let me explain to you why -- a very simple fact that tells you why this shape theory really does not work very well. 让我来解释为什么,一个非常简单的事实,它会告诉你们为什么形状的理论并不成立。
This is cis-3-hexene-1-ol. It smells of cut grass. 这是顺式-3-已烯-1-醇。闻起来像割下来的青草。
This is cis-3-hexene-1-thiol, and this smells of rotten eggs, OK? 这是顺式-3-已烯-1-硫醇,闻起来像臭鸡蛋。
Now, you will have noticed that vodka never smells of rotten eggs, OK? 现在,你们一定已经意识到伏特加酒闻起来绝不像臭鸡蛋。
If it does, you put the glass down, you go to a different bar. 如果闻起来像的话,你就把杯子放下去另外一家酒吧。
This is -- in other words, we never get the O-H -- we never mistake it for an S-H, OK? 这是--换句话说,我们绝对不会把S-H错误地认为是O-H。
Like, at no concentration, even pure, you know, if you smelt 8 pure ethanol, it doesn't smell of rotten eggs. 无论是在什么样的浓度甚至是纯的情况下,如果你闻到纯的乙醇,它闻起来绝对不像臭鸡蛋。
Conversely, there is no concentration at which the sulfur 9 compound will smell like vodka. 相反,无论在什么浓度下,硫化合物会闻起来都不会像伏特加酒。
It's very hard to explain this by molecular 10 recognition. 用分子识别来解释这个问题难度很大。
Now, I showed this to a physicist 11 friend of mine who has a profound distaste for biology, 我把问题拿给我的一个物理学家朋友看,他一点也不喜欢生物,
and he says, "That's easy! The things are a different color!" 他说“这太简单了!两个东西的颜色不一样啊!”
1 molecule
n.分子,克分子
- A molecule of water is made up of two atoms of hygrogen and one atom of oxygen.一个水分子是由P妈̬f婘̬ 妈̬成的。
- This gives us the structural formula of the molecule.这种方式给出了分子的结构式。
2 binding
有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的
- The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
- Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
3 fragrance
n.芬芳,香味,香气
- The apple blossoms filled the air with their fragrance.苹果花使空气充满香味。
- The fragrance of lavender filled the room.房间里充满了薰衣草的香味。
4 molecules
分子( molecule的名词复数 )
- The structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。
- Inside the reactor the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。
5 exclamation
n.感叹号,惊呼,惊叹词
- He could not restrain an exclamation of approval.他禁不住喝一声采。
- The author used three exclamation marks at the end of the last sentence to wake up the readers.作者在文章的最后一句连用了三个惊叹号,以引起读者的注意。
6 inefficient
adj.效率低的,无效的
- The inefficient operation cost the firm a lot of money.低效率的运作使该公司损失了许多钱。
- Their communication systems are inefficient in the extreme.他们的通讯系统效率非常差。
7 labor
n.劳动,努力,工作,劳工;分娩;vi.劳动,努力,苦干;vt.详细分析;麻烦
- We are never late in satisfying him for his labor.我们从不延误付给他劳动报酬。
- He was completely spent after two weeks of hard labor.艰苦劳动两周后,他已经疲惫不堪了。
8 smelt
v.熔解,熔炼;n.银白鱼,胡瓜鱼
- Tin is a comparatively easy metal to smelt.锡是比较容易熔化的金属。
- Darby was looking for a way to improve iron when he hit upon the idea of smelting it with coke instead of charcoal.达比一直在寻找改善铁质的方法,他猛然想到可以不用木炭熔炼,而改用焦炭。
9 sulfur
n.硫,硫磺(=sulphur)
- Sulfur emissions from steel mills become acid rain.炼钢厂排放出的硫形成了酸雨。
- Burning may produce sulfur oxides.燃烧可能会产生硫氧化物。
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