《红楼梦》中委婉语的翻译
英语课
委婉语是用于取代禁忌词的另一个词或词组,或者用于避免提及令人感到害怕或可能引起不愉快的事物。禁忌语的形成和发展与社会风俗、文化传统、宗教信仰等有关。英语和汉语虽然存在极大差异,但在委婉语的使用上存在很多相同之处。
一、避讳死亡
死亡,可以说是所有文化中的禁地。对于死亡的表述,不同语言都有多种委婉的表述方式。汉语中有“长眠”、“逝世、去世”、“归西”、“了解尘缘”、“如土、归寂”、“崩、薨”等词,而英语也有多种表述方式“go to sleep”、“return to dust”、“pass away”、“demise”、“pay the debt of nature”等。
例1、真是“天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福”,人人都会归了西。
译文:Truly, Storms gather without warning in nature, and bad luck befalls men overnight. Everyone will have ascended 1 to the Western Paradise.
解析:“归西”便是死亡的委婉语,译为“ascended to the Western Paradise”相较于“go west”,更形象表现出“归西”的因果内涵,更利于西方读者了解有关的宗教文化。
例2、凤姐儿听了,眼圈儿红了半天,半日方说道:“...这个年纪,倘或就因这个病上怎么样了,人还活着有什么趣儿!”
译文:Xi- feng’ s eyes became moist. She said at last, “ but she’s only a child still. If anything should happen to her as a result of this illness, I think all the fun would go out of life!”
解析:凤姐与秦氏关系要好,面对好友重病,凤姐自然对“死”讳莫如深,文中的“怎么样了”,便是死亡的委婉语。译者采用“If anything should happen”这样模糊的表达,再现了原文的意图,也突显了凤姐对秦氏的不忍和怜惜之情。
例3、几时我闭了这眼,断了这口气....
译1:Once I’ve closed my eyes and breathed my last.
译2:I’ ll be glad when I’ ve drawn 2 my last breath and closed my old eyes for the last time.
解析:原文“闭了眼”、“断了气”都是死亡的委婉语。两种译文分别使用“closed my eyes and breathed my last”和“ drawn my last breath and closed my old eyes for the last time”都很好得再现了原文的含义。
二、避讳排泄物
大多数文化都认为分泌物和排泄物是不雅和肮脏的,对其大多采用委婉语表达。
例3、想毕,也装作出小恭,走至外面,悄悄滴把跟宝玉的书童茗烟换到身边,如此这般,挑拨他几句。
译文:He left the room on the customary excuse and quietly got hold of Mingyan, one of Baoyu’ s pages, to work on his feelings with his account of the matter.
解析:“出小恭”是古代排泄的委婉表达,译文将其翻译为“on the customary excuse”表达人类共同生理现象。
三、避讳两性关系
相对开放的西方在两性关系上也较为含蓄,而中国文化更加保守,两性关系的描述更具微妙。
例4、妹妹的名声很不好听,连老太太、太太们都知道了,妹妹在家做女孩子儿就不干净,又和姐夫有些首尾。
译: There is a nasty little story going around, my dear, that you weren’t all you should have beenbefore you were married. They say you were much too thick with Cousin Zhen.
解析:这是王熙凤对尤二姐说的话,译者使用“weren’t all you should have been ”,说法虽然看似委婉,但充分展现了凤姐花言巧语,充满心机的性格。即使恶事做绝,也要做得滴水不漏,好名尽得。
例5、(贾宝玉)......说着便把梦中之事细说与袭人听了。然后说至警幻所授云雨之情,羞得袭人掩面俯身而笑。
译文:“It’s a long story, ”answered Baoyu, the told her his dream in full, concluding with his initiation 3 by Disenchantment into the “sports of cloud and rain”. Xiren, hearing this, covered her face and doubled up in a fit of giggles 4.
解析:汉语常用生动的名词来说明两性之事,比如花草、杨柳、风月等高雅词语,但译者将“云雨之情”译为“sports of cloud and rain”,不免让西方读者一头雾水。可以翻译为“every act of love”或“the inevitable 5 climax”等较为委婉却又能根据上下文理解出的短语。
常言入乡随俗,说的是无论身处何处,都要注意当地的风俗习惯、语言禁忌等。在翻译中也要遵循这样的原则。委婉语的使用往往含有说话者或作者独特的用意。因此,委婉语的翻译不能是停留在语言层面的直译,必须将具体文化考虑在内。
1 ascended
v.上升,攀登( ascend的过去式和过去分词 )
- He has ascended into heaven. 他已经升入了天堂。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- The climbers slowly ascended the mountain. 爬山运动员慢慢地登上了这座山。 来自《简明英汉词典》
2 drawn
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
- All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
- Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
3 initiation
n.开始
- her initiation into the world of marketing 她的初次涉足营销界
- It was my initiation into the world of high fashion. 这是我初次涉足高级时装界。
4 giggles
n.咯咯的笑( giggle的名词复数 );傻笑;玩笑;the giggles 止不住的格格笑v.咯咯地笑( giggle的第三人称单数 )
- Her nervous giggles annoyed me. 她神经质的傻笑把我惹火了。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- I had to rush to the loo to avoid an attack of hysterical giggles. 我不得不冲向卫生间,以免遭到别人的疯狂嘲笑。 来自辞典例句
5 inevitable
adj.不可避免的,必然发生的
- Mary was wearing her inevitable large hat.玛丽戴着她总是戴的那顶大帽子。
- The defeat had inevitable consequences for British policy.战败对英国政策不可避免地产生了影响。
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