时间:2019-02-18 作者:英语课 分类:英语口语


英语课

 语调(intonation),即说话的腔调,就是一句话里声调(pitch)高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。世界上没有一种语言是用单一的声调说出的,以英语为例,英语有五种基本语调:升调(↗)、降调(↙)、升降调(∧)、降升调(∨)以及平调(→)。一句话除了词汇意义(lexical meaning)还有语调意义(intonation meaning)。所谓词汇意义就是话中所用词的意义,而语调意义就是说话人用语调所表示的态度或口气。一句话的词汇意义加上语调意义才算是完全的意义。同样的句子,语调不同,意思就会不同,有时甚至会相差千里。请看下例:


A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry?(↗)Jean 用升调说 Sorry,其意思是 "I didn't hear you. Could you say that again, please?"A: Jean, can you bring me the newspaper?
B: Sorry.(↙)Jean 用降调说 Sorry,显然其意思是拒绝帮助或无能为力。
可见,如果对语调知识缺乏了解,就会无法确定说话人的态度、感情、口吻、意图等,所以今天我们就来对语调问题做个说明吧。
一、一句话中音调的相对高度所包含的意义众所周知,人们在兴奋、惊讶或感情激动时说话的语调就高,而在相反的情况下,语调则低。因此,在同一个场合中,如果一个人的语调明显高于另一个,或明显低于另一个,以此就可以推断出该说话人的意思及态度。
这里我们要着重谈谈一句话中语调相对高度的不同所包含的意义。一句话中的语调波峰一般都是句子的重音所在,通过语调波峰,我们就可以了解说话人的意思。如人们读 "I live in the city." 这句话时,由于强调的对象不同,语调也就随之发生了变化。我们不妨来做一下比较:
I(↗)live in the city.(隐含着在场的其他人不住在城里的意思)I live(↗)in the city.(表示“我”只是“住在”城里,其隐含的意思是“我不在城里工作”或其他意思)I live in(↗)the city.(表示“我住在城里边”,其隐含的意思是“我不住在城外”)搞懂上面的例子,以下对话就马上可以明白了:
M: Linda looked very tired these days.
W: She looked OK to me(↗).
Q: What does the woman think of Linda?
(A) She saw Linda and me.
(B) Linda said she was fine.
(C) She looked up the word for me.
(D) She considered Linda was all right.
这位女士所表达的意思就是D啦。这句话中重音落在句子的最后一个单词 me 上,因为女士用升调重读 me,这表示了女士有意与男士的看法形成对比,意思是:在你的眼里,她显得疲惫,可在我看来,她没什么问题。这表示了她那种无所谓的态度。
二、某些句型由于句尾语调的改变而引起意义改变的现象1. 使用疑问词 who, which, what, how, when, where, why 的特殊疑问句可以用降调也可以用升调,但含义是不同的。如:
A: Mr. Smith thinks we ought to get the money in hand first.
B: Who?(↗)A: Mr. Smith.
B用升调说 Who,表示听不清对方谈话中的某一部分,要求对方再重复那一部分。
A: We'd like to have someone to say a word at the beginning to welcome the group.
B: Who?(↙)A: We thought that you or Dr 1. Johnson might do it.
B用降调说 Who,其意思是问,对方想让谁在开场时致欢迎词。
2. 附加疑问句可以读升调也可以读降调,意思是不相同的。降调表示发问者相信陈述句的内容,只等对方证实;升调表示发问者对陈述句内容的真实性没有把握,希望对方作出自己的判断。如:
A: You will finish the work, won't you?(↙)B: Yes, I will.
A用降调提问,意思是:I know you will finish the work, but I want you to confirm 2 it.
A: You will finish the work, won't you?(↗)B: Yes, I will.(或 No, I won't. )A用升调提问,表示A心中没有把握,因此,得到的回答既可能是肯定的,也可能是否定的。
3. 语调可以反应谈话人的互动性。如:
A: Are you Mr. Blake?
B: Yes.(↙)A: Room twenty-six.
在这个例子中,B用降调说 Yes,表示B的认可,这是一个封闭式的回答。这表明如果A没有新的问题要问或新的信息要告知,也许他们的对话就可以结束了。
A: Are you Mr. Blake?
B: Yes?(↗)A: Ah, the secretary would like a word with you.
在这个例子中,B用升调回答 Yes,表示这是一个开放式的回答,相当于 "Yes. But why do you ask?" 或是 "Yes. But who want to know?" 之意。这也就是说,B在回答A的问题的同时又向A提出了一个新问题,并要求A予以回答。
掌握了这一点之后,对于下面的对话就不难理解了:
M: How long shall we stay at the Grand 3 Canyon 4?
W: A day?(↗)Q: What does the woman mean?
(A) We shall stay at the Grand Canyon for one day.
(B) Shall we stay at the Grand Canyon for one day?
(C) To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is too short.
(D) To stay at the Grand Canyon for one day is enough.
正确的答案是B哦。
4.陈述句式一般读降调,用以陈述事实。若读升调,往往表示对所说事情的怀疑。如:
She lent him her car.(↙)(用以陈述事实)She lent him her car?(↗)(表示惊奇、的怀疑,含有 "Did she really lend her car to him ?" 之意。)5.有些一般疑问句的句式读作降调,实际上表示感叹。如:
Hasn't she grown!(↙)这句话实则表示:她成长得多快!
请看下面的试题:
M: Wasn't Sam's speech great!(↙)W: Are you serious?
Q: What does the man say about Sam's speech?
(A) Sam's speech wasn't great, was it?
(B) Sam's speech was great, wasn't it?
(C) Sam gave a serious speech.
(D) Sam was not serious.
男人所表达的意思是啥?其实是对Sam发言之精彩发表感叹呢,也就是B选项。
有些一般疑问句句式也不需要回答,其功能也相当于陈述句,但肯定结构表否定,否定结构表肯定,而且传递了说话人浓烈的情绪。如:
W: Haven't you got anything better to do?(↗)M: Ok, Mum, I'll turn off the TV and begin to do my homework.
显然,妈妈的意思是责备儿子不应该看电视,而应该做比看电视更有益的事——也就是说,妈妈认为儿子有更好的事可做。而对话中,儿子当然也明白妈妈的意思,因此说要关掉电视,开始做功课。

n.医生,大夫;博士(缩)(= Doctor)
  • Dr.Williams instructs us in botany.威廉博士教我们植物学。
  • The ward of the hospital is in the charge of Dr.Green.医院的这间病房由格林医生负责。
vt.证实;确认;v.确认
  • I'll call you back to confirm.我会给你回电话确认的。
  • I need to confirm my reservation on the next flight.我要确认我预订的下一个航班。
adj.豪华的,宏伟的,壮丽的,主要的,重大的;n.(美俚)一千美元
  • The pianist played several pieces of music on a grand piano.钢琴家在一架大钢琴上弹了几首乐曲。
  • Come on,I'll give you the grand tour of the backyard.跟我来,我带你去后院来一次盛大的旅游。
n.峡谷,溪谷
  • The Grand Canyon in the USA is 1900 metres deep.美国的大峡谷1900米深。
  • The canyon is famous for producing echoes.这个峡谷以回声而闻名。
标签: 口语
学英语单词
3-Anisldehyde
a double-edged weapon
alabastoi
analytes
anatomicophysiological
antidecomposition additive
apism
application timer
ataxin
audioepileptic seizure
bamboo zone
Bell Cay
blaeses
bossism
bus traps
cellular physiology
chinamania
circular deoxyribonucleic acid
clitoridectomize
commuter passenger traffic
conglomerite
constant ratio steering
contained
cruzi
diffused
domestic fuel oil
drain cover
drins
East Slavic
Eulan N
Eurya loquaiana
extended cover clause
factitious thyrotoxicosis
fastow
female parent line
flopperoo
freight free
gain on sale of investment
geeked out
gender-role
gorsoon
goudie
gun elevation order
hans-heinrich
head ... off
helium-atmosphere box
high aperture objective lens
hirdman
infilling clastic dike
iodoformogen
jhane
justicia comata
keratosic
kick against
Kol'zhat
large harbon tug
local telex number
low temperature thermistor
LSTTL (low power Schottky TTL)
mailing machine
meatshield
message concentrator
method of conjugate gradient
Natalinci
nazard
net-veined leaf
new equipment practice
niminy
old womanish
olfactory impairment
Optyn
oral trust
parachute skirt
people watch
perspective rendering
phoma wasabie yokogi
preteritions
progressive signal system
Pterula capillaris
put something away
rabbinitic
rabbit starvation
rated loading capacity
return cable
rubytail
send shivers down your spine
single-bevel groove weld
spatter-lash
steam moisture
strollers
superclass gnathostomatas
tamazight
textileman
themes
thermal and sound insulating materials
transversourethralis
tribophosphorescence
Trommer's test
unfrilled
unsolute
willm
Wollaston, L.