非限定动词的比较
时间：2019-02-18 作者：英语课 分类：英文语法词汇
英语课
英语动词有限定(finite)和非限定(non-finite)两类。
句子中的谓语动词(predicative verb)是限定的;限定动词受人称(person)和数目(number)的限制。此外，还有时态(tense )、语态(voice)和情态(mood)等。例如：
① Good leaders serve the people whole-heartedly.
② Jason is giving a public lecture.
③ Who did it?
④ I would appreciate it if you could do me a favour.
在句子中可以施展其他功能的动词是非限定动词;这些动词具有一般动词的许多特性，但没有“人称”和“数目”的限制。
非限定动词分三种：不定式动词(the infinitive); 分词( the participle); 动名词(the gerund); 分词又分现在分词( the present participle)和过去分词(the past participle)。
例如：
⑤ Tom found the prescribed text hard to read.
⑥ Helen has a smiling face.
⑦ Your written English is good.
⑧ Smoking is harmful to health.
⑤里的是不定式动词;⑥里的是现在分词;⑦里的是过去分词;
⑧里的是动名词。
非限定动词及其短语，语法功能庞大，涉及下列五方面：
㈠ 当主语
不定式动词和动名词都可当句子的主语，取代名词和代名词。例如：
⑨ To swim in a warm day is joyful.
⑩ Swimming makes us hale and hearty.
㈡ 当补足语
可当主语的句子成分也可当补足语。例如：
● A good government"s desire is serving the people.
● What is difficult is to hoodwink the public indefinitely.
同样的，现在分词与过去分词也可充当接系动词(the linking verb)的补足语。例如：
● The witness"s evidence is quite convincing.
● At long last, John was fully convinced.
㈢ 当宾语
不定式动词和动名词都可充当及物动词的宾语。例如：
● The baby wanted to drink milk.
● Janet suddenly stopped talking.
它们也可以成为介词的宾语，但除了“except, but, about, than”之外，介词的宾语多数是动名词。
例如：
I am tired of repeating the same point.
Most of us desired nothing except to succeed.
Betty did nothing useful but talk(不带”to”)。
That weak old man is about to die.
㈣ 当名词修饰语
Don"t disturb the sleeping dog.(现在分词)
Can you remove the damaged machine?(过去分词)
That is the only thing to do.(不定式动词)
The sailors came in a fishing boat.(动名词)
㈤ 当动词修饰语
Walking along the road, he came across a friend.(现在分词短语)
Extremely frightened, the picnickers fled.(过去分词短语)
The athlete stopped to take a rest?(不定式动词短语)
Peter came running.(动名词)
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动词