定语从句的翻译方法
时间:2019-02-17 作者:英语课 分类:英文语法词汇
英语课
一般地,定语从句的翻译有合译法、分译法和混译法。在这里,我们主要详细介绍一下合译法和分译法。
合译法
合译法通常用于句式较短的情况,主要以限制性定语从句为主。在英译汉时,一般将其译成“的”字结构,有时也将定语部分译成谓语、兼语句的一部分或带有“这”字句的简单句。
1.译成定语“的”字结构
这是最为常见的一种英译汉的方式,翻译成中文时,将定语部分放在被修饰名词的前面。
例1:He is not the one who will give up easily.
译文:他不是一个轻易服输的人。
例2:Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing 1.
译文:我们两国是友谊长存的友好邻邦。
2.译成谓语
当定语从句是存在句,尤其是在“there be结构”和它的变体结构、以及在“it be +主语+定语从句”的结构中,定语从句的谓语在意义上也是整个主句的谓语,因此在英译汉时可将其译为主谓结构的简单句。
例1:There were men in that crowd who had stood there every day for a month.
译文:在那群人中,有的人每天都站在那里,站了一个月。
例2:There have been good results in the experiments that have given him grate encouragement.
译文:实验中的良好结果给了他莫大的鼓励。
另外,有些定语从句英译汉时要需要将主句压缩成主语,而将定语从句译成谓语,融合为一个句子。
例1: We have a social and political system that differed in many respects from your own.
译文:我们的社会和政治体制在很多方面都与贵国的不一样。
例2:We used a plane of which almost every part carried some identification of national identity.
译文:我们驾驶的飞机几乎每个部件都有国籍的某些标志。
3.译成兼语句的一部分
当先行词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,即先行词在逻辑上与定语从句中的动词构成主谓或动宾关系时,就可采用此方法使两个分句融为一体。
例1:I need someone who can instruct me in my English study.
译文:我需要一个人来指导我学习英语。
例句2:When I passed by, I saw a man who was quarreling with his wife.
译文:当我经过时,我看到一个人和他的妻子在吵架。
4.译成连动式的一部分
为了行文方便,有时候在英译汉时就需要把主句、从句中的动词连起来一起翻译,从而使句子显得连贯,符合汉语的表达习惯。
例1:He took out a bottle of wine out of his pocket, which he began to drink slowly.
译文:他从衣兜里掏出一瓶酒慢慢地喝起来。
例2: We will send the boy to Britain, where he can receive better education.
译文:我们将要把这个孩子送到英国去接受更好的教育。
5.译成“这”字句
有时,关系代词并不仅仅只是指代先行词,它还指代前面整个句子的内容。这时,我们一般将其译成“这”或“这一点”。
例1:He admired Mrs. Brown, which surprises me most.
译文:他钦佩布朗太太,这使我大为惊讶。
例2:She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
译文:她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
分译法
分译法是指将主句和从句分开翻译的一种方法,主要用于较长的非限制性定语从句里。采用这种方法可避免句子的冗长和累赘。这种方法一般采用主句在前,从句在后的翻译形式,将句子翻译成两个相对独立的小分句。
严格地说,上期介绍的合译法中的第5点(译成“这”字句)也属于这种翻译方法。
1.译出关系代词或关系副词
根据逻辑的需要,在翻译前,我们首先应该弄清关系词所指代的内容,进而按照先行词的词义来进行翻译。
例1: He has learned French, which he thinks is the most beautiful language in the world.
译文:他学过法语,他认为法语是世界上最美的语言。
例2: This is a college of science and technology, the students of which are trained to be engineers or scientists.
译文:这是一所科技大学,该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学工作者。
另外,在英语中常常会把需要强调的内容放于句首,而汉语中却习惯把附加性说明的定语部分翻译成后置型的并列分句,以求在形式上突出主句的内容。
例1: She suddenly thought of her husband, who had left her and their children behind and had never been heard of.
译文:他丈夫早就抛弃了妻儿一直杳无音信,现在她突然想起了他。
例2: The men suddenly awakened 2 to the fact that there were beauty and significance in these trifles, which they had so long trodden carelessly beneath their feet.
译文:以前,它们一直被这些人漫不经心地踩在脚下,现在这些人突然意识到这些小玩意儿的美丽和意义了。
2.不翻译关系代词或关系副词
有些定语从句表面上是非限制性定语从句,但在意义上却已经和主句融为了一体。在翻译时,应该将引导定语从句的关系词省略,从而使句子的意思显得更为连贯。
例1: After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
译文:晚饭后,四个主要谈判人物继续进行会谈,一直谈到深夜。
例2: His wife, Betty, is Shanghai-born Chinese who left China at the age of eight, and whose book “Moon”, tells of her sister’s life in China.
译文:他妻子贝蒂是一位出生在上海的华人,八岁离开中国,写过一本名叫《月》的书,记叙了她妹妹在中国的生活。
3.译成相对独立的小分句
有些定语从句在修饰关系上与先行词之间关系显得较为疏远,这时,我们通常会将定语从句译成独立的句子。
例1: One was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.
译文:有一次暴风骤雨,猛烈的程度实在是我平生所鲜见的。这场暴风雨遮住了我的目标。
例2: Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully, which showed that the computations were accurate.
译文:不过问题还是圆满地解决了,这说明计算是很精确的。
n.持续,地位;adj.永久的,不动的,直立的,不流动的
- After the earthquake only a few houses were left standing.地震过后只有几幢房屋还立着。
- They're standing out against any change in the law.他们坚决反对对法律做任何修改。
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定语从句