科学美国人60秒 SSS 蝙蝠回声定位

Just as humans understand the shape of oursurroundings by how light reflects off objects, batsuse reflections of sounds they produce instead—what's called echolocation. But despite theirexcellent sensing abilities, one type of obstaclevexes the animals: smooth vertical 1 surfaces, like windows. Because windows reflect almost allthe bats' calls away from bats at an angle—creating the illusion of empty space.

正如我们人类通过物体反射的光线来了解周围环境一样，蝙蝠也会利用自己声音所产生的回声来推测环境情况——这被称为回声定位。但是，虽然蝙蝠拥有出色的感知能力，但是有一种障碍依然令它们感到困扰：像窗户那样的光滑垂直面。因为窗户会以某种角度将蝙蝠的所有声音反射到其他地方，创造出一种空白空间的错觉。

"To better understand it you can actually use a visual analogy." Stefan Greif, a sensoryecologist at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology 2. Imagine standing 3 in a dark room, hesays, beside a mirror. "If then if you take a flashlight in your hand and shine it on the side ontothis mirror, you would see that all the light is reflected away. You'd see it on the other side ofthe wall. So even visually this would look to you like there's a hole in the wall. There's nothingcoming back from this place."

“为了更好地理解这种情况，可以利用视觉类比。”马克斯·普朗克鸟类研究所的感官生态学家斯特凡·格雷夫说道。他说，想象自己站在一个黑暗的房间里，旁边有一面镜子。“如果你拿手电往镜子上照，你会看到所有的光都被反射出来。所有光都反射到另一边墙上。可以说，看上去就像墙上有个洞。但洞里不会有光反射出来。”

Light wouldn't come back to you unless you aimed the flashlight more or less perpendicularto the mirror—and same for bats and their calls. This perceptual glitch 4 meant that in lab tests 90 percent of bats banged into a smooth vertical surface. (And by the way, the researcherssay that none were hurt.) But here's the interesting bit: bats never smashed into a smoothhorizontal surface.

除非你调整手电筒的角度使其基本垂直于镜子，光才会反射到你身上，这与蝙蝠和它们的叫声一样。这种感知故障意味着，在实验室测试中90%的蝙蝠会撞到光滑的垂直面。(顺便说一下，研究人员说试验中没有蝙蝠受伤。) 但有趣的是：蝙蝠从来不会撞到光滑的水平面。

Greif says that's because plenty of horizontal planes exist in nature, like lakes and ponds. Andeven though a lake reflects calls away from the bat, bats have evolved to perceive theabsence of sound reflections from horizontal surfaces as water. In fact previous studies haveshown that bats will actually dip down for a drink from smooth horizontal surfaces—whetherthey're water-filled or not. The study is in the journal Science.

格雷夫表示，这是因为自然界中存在大量的水平面，比如湖泊和池塘。即使湖泊会将蝙蝠的叫声反射到其他地方，但是蝙蝠已经进化到可以将水平面的声音反射空白视为水面。事实上，之前的研究已经表明，蝙蝠还会落到光滑的水平面去喝水，无论那是不是水面。这项研究结果发表在《科学》期待上。

So what are conservationists to do? "Obviously we have to be realistic, right? That might meanwe can't start making all our windows rough and textured 5." But if we build near crucial bathabitats, we could install acoustic 6 deterrents 7 to drive the flying mammals away from buildings. "And certainly you could start looking at architectural possibilities, if you don't make a smoothsurface smooth all the way but make ridges 8 inside, like a mosaic 9, for example." And perhapsbat-friendly architecture would result in new designs...pleasing to human perception, too.

了解这些信息以后，自然资源保护主义者应该做些什么呢?“显然我们必须现实点儿，对吧?我们不能把所有窗户弄成粗糙又有纹路的样子。”不过，如果我们建造重要的蝙蝠栖息地，我们就可以安装声音障碍物，使这些会飞的哺乳动物远离建筑物。“当然，你也可以从建筑可能性上着手，比如表面不做成光滑的，而是在内部做出一些隆起，就像马赛克那样。”也许“蝙蝠友好型”建筑会产生全新的设计，当然这种设计还能满足人类的感官。