时间:2019-02-14 作者:英语课 分类:TED演讲科学篇


英语课

   So how can a hormone 1 ultimately affect the rate of aging?  那么,激素到底是怎样影响衰老的速度呢?


  How could that work?  原理是什么呢?
  Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,  原来在daf-2变异体中
  a whole lot of genes 3 are switched on in the DNA 4  有大量的基因被转变到DNA里面
  that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,  蛋白质编码保护细胞和组织
  and repair damage.  和修复损坏基因的功能
  And the way that they're switched on  同时基因被转变的途径
  is by a gene 2 regulator protein called FOXO.  是被一个基因调节器的蛋白质叫FOXO
  So in a daf-2 mutant --  所以在daf 2 的变异体中
  you see that I have the X drawn 5 here through the receptor.  你可以看到这个X 型绘制图的受体
  The receptor isn't working as well.  这个受体也运转得不怎么好
  Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue  在这些条件下,蓝颜色的FOXO蛋白质
  has gone into the nucleus 6 --  已经转移到核心里面了
  that little compartment 7 there in the middle of the cell --  这个小小的隔室在细胞的最中间
  and it's sitting down on a gene binding 9 to it.  同时也坐落在基因的粘合物上
  You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind 8 on FOXO.  你看到一个基因。这里有大量的基因实际上捆绑在FOXO上
  And it's just sitting on one of them.  并且坐落在它们其中的一个上面
  So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.  所以FOXO开启着大量的基因
  And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,  同时这些基因也开启着抗氧化的基因
  genes I call carrot-giver genes,  这些基因我称呼它为胡萝卜者基因
  whose protein products  这些蛋白质产物
  actually help other proteins to function well --  实际上帮助其他的蛋白质的机能运转顺畅
  to fold correctly and function correctly.  同时也帮助蛋白质融合和运转准确
  And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell  同时也给它们护航到细胞中的垃圾场
  and recycle them if they're damaged.  并且回收被损坏的蛋白质
  DNA repair genes  DNA修复基因
  are more active in these animals.  在这些动物身上更活跃
  And the immune system is more active.  免疫系统也更活跃
  And many of these different genes, we've shown,  我们展示的许多这些不同基因
  actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.  实际上都作用于daf 2变异体的延长寿命
  So it's really interesting.  所以这是很有趣的
  These animals have within them  带有这些基因的动物
  the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.  比起普通的有活得更久的潜力
  They have the ability  它们有能力
  to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,  保护自身免于很多的伤害
  which we think makes them live longer.  我们认为这使得它们活得更长
  So what about the normal worm?  那关于正常线虫呢
  Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,  当daf-2受体是活跃的
  then it triggers a series of events  它引发了一系列
  that prevent FOXO  来阻止FOXO
  from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.  进入到DNA所处的中心
  So it can't turn the genes on.  所以基因不能激活
  That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,  这就是运作的方式。也就是我们看不到延长寿命的原因
  until we have the daf-2 mutant.  除非有daf 2变异体
  But what good is this for the worm?  但对线虫来说有什么好处吗
  Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones 10  胰岛素和IGF-1激素
  are hormones that are particularly active  是特别活跃
  under favorable conditions -- in the good times --  在有利条件下--好的时机下--
  when food is plentiful 11 and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.  当食物是充足的,没有很多压力的环境下
  Then they promote the uptake of nutrients 12.  然后它们促使营养品的产生
  You can store the food, use it for energy,  可以储存食物,用它来补能量
  grow, etc.  成长等
  But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,  但我们认为在压力条件下
  the levels of these hormones drop --  这些激素水平会下降
  for example, having limited food supply.  例如在有限的食物供给时
  And that, we think,  我们认为那
  is registered by the animal as a danger signal,  对于动物而言是个危险信号
  a signal that things are not okay  预示什么不对头
  and that it should roll out its protective capacity.  它们的保护功能就开启了
  So it activates 13 FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,  所以它激活了FOXO,FOXO进入DNA
  and that triggers the expression of these genes  引发这些基因显现
  that improves the ability of the cell  来带动细胞能力
  to protect itself and repair itself.  从而保护和修复自身
  And that's why we think the animals live longer.  这是我们认为动物活长久的原因
  So you can think of FOXO  你可以想象FOXO
  as being like a building superintendent 14.  为一个大楼的看门人
  So maybe he's a little bit lazy,  或许他有点懒
  but he's there, he's taking care of the building.  但他在那儿掌管着大楼
  But it's deteriorating 15.  但这是不好的
  And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.  突然,他了解到将有一场飓风
  So he doesn't actually do anything himself.  所以他自己实际不做任何事
  He gets on the telephone --  但他打起电话--
  just like FOXO gets on the DNA --  就像FOXO进入到DNA--
  and he calls up  他打电话给
  the roofer, the window person,  修屋顶的人,修窗户的人
  the painter, the floor person.  油漆工,修地板的人
  And they all come and they fortify 16 the house.  他们都来了,加固了房屋。
  And then the hurricane comes through,  然后飓风穿过
  and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.  房屋比起它原本的要更加稳固
  And not only that, it can also just last longer,  不但如此,它也可以很久矗立不倒
  even if there isn't a hurricane.  甚至不是飓风来临
  So that's the concept here  所以这的概念
  for how we think this life extension ability exists.  就类似我们认为生命延长力的发生情形
  Now the really cool thing about FOXO  关于FOXO真正有趣的
  is that there are different forms of it.  是有不同种的FOXO
  We all have FOXO genes,  我们大家都有FOXO基因
  but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.  但我们不是完全拥有同一种FOXO基因
  Just like we all have eyes,  如同我们都有眼睛
  but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.  但有些人是蓝色的眼睛,有些是棕色的

n.荷尔蒙,激素,内分泌
  • Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
  • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
n.遗传因子,基因
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
v.拖,拉,拔出;adj.憔悴的,紧张的
  • All the characters in the story are drawn from life.故事中的所有人物都取材于生活。
  • Her gaze was drawn irresistibly to the scene outside.她的目光禁不住被外面的风景所吸引。
n.核,核心,原子核
  • These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人成了俱乐部的核心。
  • These councils would form the nucleus of a future regime.这些委员会将成为一个未来政权的核心。
n.卧车包房,隔间;分隔的空间
  • We were glad to have the whole compartment to ourselves.真高兴,整个客车隔间由我们独享。
  • The batteries are safely enclosed in a watertight compartment.电池被安全地置于一个防水的隔间里。
vt.捆,包扎;装订;约束;使凝固;vi.变硬
  • I will let the waiter bind up the parcel for you.我让服务生帮你把包裹包起来。
  • He wants a shirt that does not bind him.他要一件不使他觉得过紧的衬衫。
有约束力的,有效的,应遵守的
  • The contract was not signed and has no binding force. 合同没有签署因而没有约束力。
  • Both sides have agreed that the arbitration will be binding. 双方都赞同仲裁具有约束力。
adj.富裕的,丰富的
  • Their family has a plentiful harvest this year.他们家今年又丰收了。
  • Rainfall is plentiful in the area.这个地区雨量充足。
n.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品( nutrient的名词复数 )
  • a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏
  • Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自《简明英汉词典》
使活动,起动,触发( activate的第三人称单数 )
  • Activates the window and displays it in its current size and position. 激活窗口,保持当前的大小及位置不变。
  • Pulling out the alarm switch activates alarm and pushing it deactivates it. 闹钟的开和关是通过拔出和按入闹铃开关实现的。
n.监督人,主管,总监;(英国)警务长
  • He was soon promoted to the post of superintendent of Foreign Trade.他很快就被擢升为对外贸易总监。
  • He decided to call the superintendent of the building.他决定给楼房管理员打电话。
恶化,变坏( deteriorate的现在分词 )
  • The weather conditions are deteriorating. 天气变得越来越糟。
  • I was well aware of the bad morale and the deteriorating factories. 我很清楚,大家情绪低落,各个工厂越搞越坏。
v.强化防御,为…设防;加强,强化
  • This country will fortify the coastal areas.该国将加强沿海地区的防御。
  • This treaty forbade the United States to fortify the canal.此条约禁止美国对运河设防。
标签: TED演讲
学英语单词
absolute cell reference
adapter skirt
Advanced Energy Projects
air traveller
ala dag
Alcyonium
antidrought
aortic obstruction
arc welding engine generator
audioboard
automatic traction equipment
back end-to
basin of attraction
benzimidazoyl
berthages
bohnckes
capacitance coupled
Carex stipata
Caughnawaga
cavity boundary
collied
combustion conditions
commissura posrerior grisea
consolidated statement of cost goods sold
cowherd
crank shaft timing gear
desorption column
dissuader
distributed group decision support system
dry basis moisture content
dry-silver print
dummy out
earthy
Epleys
equicharacteristic
european blackbirds
Expectations Theory
favourous
flight control computer (fcc)
full word integer overflow
fungisterol ergosterol
gear teeth vernier
genus cuterebras
Gomorraha
hardface
Heave aback!
Hoagland solution
hold something in derision
hovercam
injection-valve opening pressure
interbifid grooves
junior school
knife edge test
laocon
level checking
Logovoy
machine mixing
macroslope
menispermaceous
microaneurisms
microvacuolar
millikan method
mixed-up observations
more-detailed
national revolution
nonalinement
notchers
on a razor-edge
ouatite
parabolic cylinder function
Paraguayans
persuadedness
pinotages
planetary radiation budget
pollaplonyx opacipennis
polyvinylidene fluoride
pontious
Primula florindae
programmed temperature works
quality of labor
scotopic eye
sdat
self-dramatizings
sodium ruthenate
soliloquizer
stacking height
Streptothrix
sulcus terminalis
tagging
there's one born every minute
traffic link
Tragacete
ubiquinol
Ugli
undemonstratively
unguerdoned
unit service factor
vignetting diaphragm
whole body radiation
with a heavy tread
work from home
zircon concentrate