时间:2019-02-14 作者:英语课 分类:TED演讲科学篇


英语课

   Okay.  好了


  So what is the daf-2 gene 1?  那么daf-2基因到底是什么?
  Well as you know, genes 2, which are part of the DNA 3,  正如大家所知,基因是DNA的一部分
  they're instructions to make a protein that does something.  它们是经编码的指令,用于制造特定功能的蛋白质
  And the daf-2 gene  而daf-2基因的编码
  encodes a hormone 4 receptor.  对应了一类激素受体
  So what you see in the picture there  图片上可以看到的是一个细胞
  is a cell with a hormone receptor in red  以及红色的激素受体
  punching through the edge of the cell.  插在细胞的边缘
  So part of it is like a baseball glove.  受体的一部分就像棒球手套
  Part of it's on the outside,  外面的部分伸出去
  and it's catching 5 the hormone as it comes by in green.  当绿色的激素靠近的时候抓住这个激素
  And the other part is on the inside  另外的部分在细胞内
  where it sends signals into the cell.  向细胞传递信号
  Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor  好了,那daf-2受体向细胞里
  telling the inside of the cell?  传了什么样的信号?
  I just told you that, if you make a mutation 6 in the daf-2 gene cell,  我刚刚说过,如果突变细胞里的daf-2基因
  that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;  就能得到一个功能不太给力的受体
  the animal lives longer.  并且动物的寿命变长
  So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor  这就意味着这个激素受体的正常功能
  is to speed up aging.  是加速衰老
  That's what that arrow means.  就是图上箭头的意思
  It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.  总之会让衰老来得更快
  So it's like the animal has the grim reaper 7 inside of itself,  就好像动物的身体里有个死神
  speeding up aging.  一直在加速衰老
  So this is altogether really, really interesting.  总之这个结论就非常有趣了
  It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,  结论就是,衰老是受基因控制的
  and specifically by hormones 8.  具体讲是受激素控制的
  So what kind of hormones are these?  这些激素又是什么样的激素呢?
  There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.  有很多种激素,比如睾酮和肾上腺素
  You know about a lot of them.  你肯定知道很多
  These hormones are similar  这些激素和我们
  to hormones that we have in our bodies.  身体里的激素差不多
  The daf-2 hormone receptor  daf-2激素受体
  is very similar to the receptor  与胰岛素和IGF-1的受体
  for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.  非常像
  Now you've all heard of at least insulin.  至少大家都听说过胰岛素
  Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients  胰岛素是一种激素,在饭后促进
  into your tissues after you eat a meal.  身体的组织吸收营养
  And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.  而IGF-1这种激素促进生长
  So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,  这些激素的功能是我们长久以来就知道的
  but our studies suggested  但是我们的研究似乎暗示
  that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --  有可能有第三种我们未知的功能--
  maybe they also affect aging.  或许也能影响衰老
  And it's looking like that's the case.  而且看起来似乎的确是这样
  So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,  所以在我们对秀丽隐杆线虫的小发现之后
  people who worked on other kinds of animals  研究其他动物的研究员提出问题
  started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,  如果在其他动物身上造成同样的daf-2变异
  the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,  也就是激素受体变异
  will they live longer?  它们也会更长寿吗?
  And that is the case in flies.  在苍蝇身上,是的
  If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.  如果改变苍蝇体内这种激素的传递方式,它们就会长寿
  And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.  在老鼠身上也一样--而老鼠是像我们一样的哺乳动物
  So it's an ancient pathway,  所以其实这是一个古老原始的传递方式
  because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution  一定在很久以前的进化进程中就出现了
  such that it still works in all these animals.  这样才会让所有动物身上都有这样的效应
  And also, the common precursor 9 also gave rise to people.  而且,这些共同的实验前兆也引向到人类的衰老问题上
  So maybe it's working in people the same way.  所以或许在人类中也同样适用
  And there are hints of this.  确实有迹象表明这点
  So for example, there was one study that was done  比如,曾有人针对纽约市
  in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.  阿什肯纳兹犹太人做了研究
  And just like any population,  和其他人群一样
  most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,  大多数人活到70或80岁
  but some live to be 90 or 100.  但是有的人活到了90或100岁
  And what they found  研究人员发现
  was that people who lived to 90 or 100  活到90或100岁的人
  were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --  更有可能有daf-2变异--
  that is, changes in the gene  也就是说,编码了IGF-1受体
  that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.  的那段基因产生了变异
  And these changes made the gene not act as well  这些变异让基因行为与正常基因相比
  as the normal gene would have acted.  效果更弱一些
  It damaged the gene.  相当于基因受损了
  So those are hints  所以这些迹象
  suggesting that humans are susceptible  表明人类对于控制衰老的激素
  to the effects of the hormones for aging.  所带来的效果是很敏感的
  So the next question, of course, is:  所以接下来的问题当然就是
  Is there any effect on age-related disease?  这对与年龄相关的老龄病有影响吗?
  As you age, you're much more likely  因为当年龄变老的时候,我们就更可能
  to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,  患上癌症,老年痴呆症
  heart disease, all sorts of diseases.  心脏病,等等一系列的疾病
  It turns out that these long-lived mutants  结果这些长寿的变异体
  are more resistant 10 to all these diseases.  对于这些疾病更有抵抗能力
  They hardly get cancer,  他们几乎不得癌症
  and when they do it's not as severe.  就算得了,也并不如本来应该的那样严重
  So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,  所以这很有趣,而且这样想来确实有道理
  that they're still young,  他们的身体还年轻
  so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?  所以为什么只有到老年,他们会得衰老的一些疾病
  So it suggests  这就启发我们
  that, if we could have a therapeutic 11 or a pill to take  如果有疗法或者药片
  to replicate 12 some of these effects in humans,  来对人体复制这些减缓衰老的效应
  maybe we would have a way  也许我们就有办法
  of combating lots of different age-related diseases  一下子抵抗所有种类的
  all at once.  老龄病

n.遗传因子,基因
  • A single gene may have many effects.单一基因可能具有很多种效应。
  • The targeting of gene therapy has been paid close attention.其中基因治疗的靶向性是值得密切关注的问题之一。
n.基因( gene的名词复数 )
  • You have good genes from your parents, so you should live a long time. 你从父母那儿获得优良的基因,所以能够活得很长。 来自《简明英汉词典》
  • Differences will help to reveal the functions of the genes. 它们间的差异将会帮助我们揭开基因多种功能。 来自英汉非文学 - 生命科学 - 生物技术的世纪
(缩)deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸
  • DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.脱氧核糖核酸储存于细胞的细胞核里。
  • Gene mutations are alterations in the DNA code.基因突变是指DNA密码的改变。
n.荷尔蒙,激素,内分泌
  • Hormone implants are used as growth boosters.激素植入物被用作生长辅助剂。
  • This hormone interacts closely with other hormones in the body.这种荷尔蒙与体內其他荷尔蒙紧密地相互作用。
adj.易传染的,有魅力的,迷人的,接住
  • There are those who think eczema is catching.有人就是认为湿疹会传染。
  • Enthusiasm is very catching.热情非常富有感染力。
n.变化,变异,转变
  • People who have this mutation need less sleep than others.有这种突变的人需要的睡眠比其他人少。
  • So far the discussion has centered entirely around mutation in the strict sense.到目前为止,严格来讲,讨论完全集中于围绕突变问题上。
n.收割者,收割机
  • The painting is organized about a young reaper enjoying his noonday rest.这幅画的画面设计成一个年轻的割禾人在午间休息。
  • A rabbit got caught in the blades of the reaper.一只兔子被卷到收割机的刀刃中去了。
n.先驱者;前辈;前任;预兆;先兆
  • Error is often the precursor of what is correct.错误常常是正确的先导。
  • He said that the deal should not be seen as a precursor to a merger.他说该笔交易不应该被看作是合并的前兆。
adj.(to)抵抗的,有抵抗力的
  • Many pests are resistant to the insecticide.许多害虫对这种杀虫剂有抵抗力。
  • They imposed their government by force on the resistant population.他们以武力把自己的统治强加在持反抗态度的人民头上。
adj.治疗的,起治疗作用的;对身心健康有益的
  • Therapeutic measures were selected to fit the patient.选择治疗措施以适应病人的需要。
  • When I was sad,music had a therapeutic effect.我悲伤的时候,音乐有治疗效力。
v.折叠,复制,模写;n.同样的样品;adj.转折的
  • The DNA of chromatin must replicate before cell division.染色质DNA在细胞分裂之前必须复制。
  • It is also easy to replicate,as the next subsection explains.就像下一个小节详细说明的那样,它还可以被轻易的复制。
标签: TED演讲
学英语单词
abstruseness
accomodation bulkhead
aged egg
amph-
andre malrauxes
anteromedian seta
assch-
audio oscillator
audit capability
bailbond
bass-bar
bilge area
Borel covering theorem
building area quota
CF II
chest leads
circumscribed cylinder
closure system
cobbard
crewel-works
criduchat syndrome
cuckoo-flower
deckboard
depot and warehouse
disease spread
domineering
effect a change
elasto-plastic theory
electro arc depositing
electrochemical corrosion test
electronic energy migration
family Castoridae
feature
flat plate shaped grain
formulate criteria
grit reservoir
Hokurabin
homocholane
inactivated vaccine
income tax accounting
incremental loading
input parameter
ironside
kerwin
krugs
Mansuur
manual-reset relay
mechanical paper tape reader
mesophils
mountain belt
nidls
ning-hsia
oak chestnut
one-nature
one-phase relay
oriental beetles
orium
output low current
overwhelming winner
Palos Heights
peaces out
person-related activities
philistia
pillemers
pinault
polish ... up
portable ph meter
pre-menarcheal
premixings
punniness
radar compartment
residual percentage crimp
ristic
robespierres
scud-cs
seleniscope
simple stack
spot indicator
STAG (steam and gas turbine)
stellite stainless steel
stercus
sterile filling
symbolize
take the offer
those've
to wipe up the ground with someone
toll dialing trunk
total image
typical day
under-training
underlying cause of death
undrinks
union link
unoften
unpaid draft
upen
upward stabilization
USUHS
webvertising
xanthochilus
YERSINIOSES
yttrium aeschynite