时间:2019-02-09 作者:英语课 分类:英语笔译


英语课

 英语特殊结构的句型比较固定,在纷杂的英语句子中找出一些普遍性和代表性的规律,对理解或翻译颇有裨益。在尊重汉语习惯表达方式的前提下,如何将英语特殊结构译成准确的汉语,是提高翻译水平的关键问题之一。


1、倒装句
英语倒装句,无论是完全倒装,还是部分倒装,都与汉语的语序有差异,翻译时应尊重汉语习惯,将句子理顺。
例:Down came the hammer and out flew the sparks.
铁锤一落,火星四溅。(原句为完全倒装。)
2、 强调句
翻译好强调句的关键在于掌握好强调句型(It is…that/who/which/…)。应注意该句型与主语从句意义上的差异。例:
1)It is an unusual person who can live free from financial stress or who can spend money on others as he spends on himself. 
只有不同寻常的人才能远离经济重压,才能把钱花在别人身上就像花在自己身上一样。(该句强调an unusual person,在译文中用"只有"两字体现出来。)
试比较主语从句:We had a lot of fun at the beach.It was really a fly in the ointment 1 that George cut his foot on a piece of glass.我们在海滩上玩得很开心,美中不足的是乔治的脚被一块玻璃割破了。(句中的It为形式主语,代替that引导的主语从句。a fly in the ointment油膏里有一只苍蝇,喻美中不足。)
3、被动语态
英语被动语态使用比较多,尤其是科技论文中特别突出,这与汉语形成鲜明的对照。在汉语表达中,主动语态比被运语态用得更普遍些。因此,在进行英译汉时,最好能尊重汉语习惯,将英文被动句转换在汉语主动句。翻译时应注意运用以下技巧:
1)英语的主语转换成汉语的宾语
有些被动语态只能用汉语的主动句来翻译时,可以将英语被动句的主语变为汉语主动句的宾语,以便突出谈论的事物,不需要表明的行为主体可以省略。
例:The present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. 
绝不可用那些已经无用的习俗来束缚现在的手脚。
2)用"被"等词提示行为的主体
译文必须表示出被动时,可以用"被"、"为……所"、"受到"、"叫"、"让"、"靠"、"遭到"、"挨"、"将"、"是(由)……的"等词来表示,这样更能引人注目。
例:The earth's surface in the area of Manhattan is composed of solid concrete.
曼哈顿地区的地层表面是由坚硬的混凝土构成的。
4、定语从句的译法
一般说来,限定性定语从句常采用合译法,非限定性定语从句常采用分译法。但是,在翻译实践中,这两种定语从句经常需要灵活处理。具体的方法有:
1)使定语前置
A .在定语从句很短时,翻译时可将从句直接放在被修饰名词之前。
例:Scientists believe that there must be hundreds of heavenly bodies in the universe where human beings or something like human beings may exist.
科学家们相信,人类或类似人的生物能够生存的天体,在宇宙中可能有几百个。
B .定语从句和被修饰的名词关系很密切时,翻译时应将定语从句放在修饰词之前。这种情况常见的固定搭配有:those who,such…as 等。
例:Those of us who have the ability to do this job will be sent to carry out the task.
我们当中那些有能力做此事的人将被派去执行这个任务。
2)使从句后置并列
A .有些限定性或非限定性的定语从句分译成两句更符合汉语习惯,采取分译法使长句断开变成并列句,必要时还应重复关系代词所指代的含义。
例:Mr Health said,"We are now again regarded by other states as a country whose judgment 2 can be trusted and whose promises can be relied on."
希思先生说,"我们的国家做出的判断是可以相信的,我们的国家做出的诺言是可以信赖的-现在,世界各国又这样看待我们了。"
B.译成状语从句
有些非限定性定语从句还可以译成状语从句。
例:The design of this mobile robot was a complex one,which took us a lot of time.
这个能行走的机器人的设计很复杂,所以花费了我们很多的时间。
5、否定句的翻译
1)否定的转移
否定的转移是指英语否定句在句中某一部分(常在谓语部分),但在语义上却是否定另一部分的现象。翻译这类句子时不要单纯依赖语法分析,而应从语义上分析,根据上下文理解句意。例:
He doesn't teach because teaching is easy for him.
他之所以教书,并不是因为他觉得教书轻松。(否定转移到because引起的原因状语从句。)
2)否定转移的基本类型
英语中的否定形式错综复杂,否定的部分可以是全句的任何成分。在处理否定转移时应灵活掌握以下基本类型:
A.否定形式在表示看法、感觉的谓语动词上,语义却是否定后面的宾语从句。例:
He doesn't expect we need worry.
他认为我们不必着急。
B.否定形式在谓语部分,但语义是否定状语或状语从句。例:
The earth doesn't move round in empty space.
地球并不是处在空无一物的空间中运行。
C.否定形式有谓语,但是否定转移到表语部分。此类结构常见的谓语动词有appear,feel,sound,taste,seem,smell等。例:
It doesn't seem as if it is going to rain.
好像天不会下雨。
D.否定形式在谓语,语义上却否定宾语补足语。例:
I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it.
我知道他身上从不带钱,因为他从不需要钱。
E.否定形式在宾语,但语义上却在否定谓语。例:
He found no delight in reading the book.
读书时,他感到并不愉快。
F.主语是否定调整时,翻译应根据具体情况确定。否定可以转移,也可以不转移。例:
Nobody who has ever seen good-quality color television can ever be completely happy with black and white again.
看过高质量彩色电视的人再也不可能对黑白电视感到满足了。
G."否定主句+肯定式方式从句"中,主句和从句意思正好相反。例:
Whales are not fish,as many people think.
鲸不是鱼,而许多人却认为鲸是鱼。
3)部分否定
在多数情况下,not在否定句中与every,each,both,always,much,many,often等词连用时,表示部分否定,译成汉语时可译为"不全是","未必都","并非"等。例:
All that glitters 3 is not gold.
所有闪光的东西未必都是金子。
4)双重否定
下列短语具有双重否定的意义:not…but what,nothing(else)but 只不过是,不外是,can not but(后接省去to的动词不定式)不得不,只好,can not choose/help but+V-ing不得不,哪能不,只好
There is no law that has not exceptions.
凡事都有例外。
5)含有否定意义的词汇与结构
A.含有否定意义的词:
*含否定意义的动词:fail(+to V.),miss,ignore
*含否定意义的名词:absence,failure,refusal
*含否定意义的形容词:few+n.(C),little,free(from),
*含否定意义的副词:little,otherwise,too…(to)
*含否定意义的介词:above,beneath,below,out(of)
*含否定意义的连词:unless,before,or(表转折)
以上英语词汇用在某些特定的语境中具有否定的含义,翻译时应按照汉语习惯处理,恰如其分地译出来。例:
He missed her in the crowd.
他未能在人群中找她。
B.具有否定意义的短语或结构
too…to 太…(以致于)不 anything but 决不是
rather…than 宁愿…而不 short of 缺少,没有
以上英语短语或结构否定的含义,翻译时应做具体分析,避免误译:例:
Frequencies too high to affect the human ear are called ultrasonic 4 frequencies.
高得使人耳听不到的频率叫超音频率。

n.药膏,油膏,软膏
  • Your foot will feel better after the application of this ointment.敷用这药膏后,你的脚会感到舒服些。
  • This herbal ointment will help to close up your wound quickly.这种中草药膏会帮助你的伤口很快愈合。
n.审判;判断力,识别力,看法,意见
  • The chairman flatters himself on his judgment of people.主席自认为他审视人比别人高明。
  • He's a man of excellent judgment.他眼力过人。
闪烁,闪耀,闪光( glitter的第三人称单数 ); 眼睛闪现(某种强烈情感)
  • I mean that all glitters is not gold. 我是说,不是所有闪光的东西都是金子。
  • All is not gold that glitters. 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。
adj.超声的;n.超声波
  • It was very necessary for people to take type-B ultrasonic inspection regularly.定期进行B超检查是十分必要的。
  • Sounds are classified into two kinds: sonic and ultrasonic.声波分为两类,即普通声波与超声波。
标签: 翻译
学英语单词
acetosity
air quality surveillance network
American Megalopolis
annealing oven
antibiotics
artistically
atomic transmutation
automatic sample-counter
balsaming
bitusol
bivy
bluck
Bolshakovo
bow-knot
branding race
bunker oil tank
business object
career guidance
celetomy
ceste
chadlocks
colitis polyposa
colombian peso
combined support
concrete product plant
definite designation
dookot
explosion forming
family systematic
faradisms
four high roll
Frigidorchis
fuffed
galloping horse
Graissac
group number of analysis and experiment samples
hexadactylous
impedance correction network
implied DO
inclined waterline
industrial-type
institutional religion
interexperience
jantar
Kamanda
keep terms with sb
kliseometer
lathered
linear least square method
maysilles
microsporidiasis of prawn
MKSA units
moist available energy
molding defect
multilure
nationalgeographic
natriuresis
non selective absorbent
nurturist
off the premise
ondansetron
one sidedness
orchestrated
plastic bur
plate nip
please the eye
point of plea
pressure-treated
promise away
ready queue
rotproofness
scum pan
sibuteamine
Siegle's otoscope
silicon voltage regulator diode
single-line operation
smuggle
sour as a crab
spatial ramification
Stachys kouyangensis
starting conditions
stationary form
stoping machine
superficial structure
tallmountain
The Schooner Exchange v.Mcfaddon and Others
this bout
thyrotoxicotic
Timotheus
tongue sucking
toodeloo
toror
ulyssess
usual offices
Volta Noire, Dép.de la
water erosion
water velvet
wave-measuring system
whispering mode
white russian almond
worklike
zero frequency discriminator