托福听力演讲类文章关键要素分析之结尾
英语课
托福听力演讲类文章关键要素分析之结尾!托福听力乃集四戾“内容难、生词多、句子长、语速super快”为一身的魔物,因此就让老师助大家一臂之力,顺利攻克托福听力这一重难点项目。
正所谓“托福听力天上来,奔流如海不复回”,托福听力乃集四戾“内容难、生词多、句子长、语速super快”为一身的魔物。多少同志秣马厉兵、金戈铁甲、青筋凸起、提着裤子在后面追着听,最终都没有听到结尾就累毙在半路,乱花狂絮,尽随伊去啦……这已经不是个例了,很多人在痛苦挣扎4分钟后,开始听结尾的时候就没劲了、眼花了、走神了、开始玩笔了……万万不可,万万不可啊!为什么这么说呢?老夫今天就带大家走一遭。
且不说托福听力向来有“重尾”一说,就仅从人类交流的角度而言,文章的结尾是最后一个能够表达观念、延伸论点、深入阐述、装B出彩的地方了。在托福听力这场考生和考官斗智斗勇的战役中,文段的结尾是考官最后一次能够蒙你的机会,他能放过吗?Unlikely。所以结尾的重要性就不言而喻了(虽然上文都已经喻过了……汗)。
综上,如果听到这样的几类结尾,我们就得赶紧磨刀擦剑、注意听了。
I 继续分论点
如果是一篇总分结构明显的Lecture,结尾的地方还在继续讲文章的主要分论点,那么这种地方肯定是会出题的。比如下面的一篇文段,主要是讲章鱼的防御系统,共分三点:变色、变质地、变形。前面大篇幅地讲了前两个论点,变色和变质地,邻近结尾开始讲起第三点。如下音频
Now there’s a third way that octopus 1 can transform themselves to blend in with or mimic 2 their environment, and that’s by changing their shape and size, well, at least their apparent size. The muscular system of the octopus enables it to be very flexible to assume all sorts of shapes and postures 3. So it can contract into the shape of a little round stone, and sit perfectly 4 still on the seafloor. Or it can nestle up in the middle of a plant and take the shape of one of the leaves.
这一段的题就出在了变形的两个例子上。
II 开启新论点
这一类的文段基本在上文都是在集中讲一个事物的几个方面,但是在马上结尾的地方又提出了一个新的方面、新的论点。引出新论点的方式可能是professor自己谈及,也可能是学生提问,无论如何,这种地方要格外小心。比如下面的文段,前文都在讲土壤多样性的原因,然后结尾的地方话锋一转:
I have a handout 5, an article on pedodiversity in a section of forests near here. I want you to read it, because it makes a point that I’ve only touched on. From what I have been saying about the causes of pedodiversity, you might assume that the relationship between forest dynamics 6, what happens to the trees, and pedodiversity is a one-way street. As the article explains, forest dynamics affects pedodiversity. But pedodiversity also affects forest dynamics. It’s worth bearing in mind.
结尾提到了要发handout的事情,由此引出了新论点:土壤多样性和森林多样性是彼此影响的。考题就出在为什么老师要发handout这里。
III 阐述反论点
比如文章一直在讲述一个东西的好处,结果在结尾的地方突然在说这个东西的不好,这种结尾遍地都是red flag啊!!还不赶紧好好听!!比如这篇,整篇都在讲建筑师在建造音乐厅的时候如何运用各种技巧来控制回响,结尾的地方突然这么说了:
That being said, there’s something that can’t be controlled by the architect. The audience has an effect on acoustics 7 too. The heads of people are good diffusers of sound. And Architects try to account for this effect in their design, but they can’t guarantee a full auditorium 8.
结尾与前文相反地提出了设计师不能控制的因素,与前文完全相反,所以这个地方瞎子也能听出来会出题的呀!(貌似瞎子本来就能听得见……囧)
IV 延伸新例子
一篇文段中Professor都在讲一类事物,结果讲到结尾处还意犹未尽,又给大家举了个新例子,那么这种地方也是很危险的。比如这段,Professor一直结合美国大峡谷在讲Uranium-Lead Dating 这种地质测龄技术,然后结尾的地方说了这么一遭儿:
There are a few pretty exciting possibilities for Uranium-Lead Dating. Here is one that comes to mind. You know the theory that earth’s continents were once joined together and only split apart relatively 9 recently? Well, with Uranium-Lead Dating, we could prove that more conclusively 10. If they show evidence of once having been joined, that could really tell us a lot about the early history of the planet’s geology.
那么显然就又阐述了这种技术可有用武之地的例子,所以题就这么愉快地出来了。
V 表达新态度
对于前文讲的问题,教授很可能在末尾处表达一下自己的态度,如果遇到这种情况,也要小心,搞明白教授的态度到底是肯定否定还是中立。比如下文,教授整篇都在讲一个考古遗址的先进等信息,结尾讲到了对它的修缮,然后说了这样的结尾:
So now the question is, do we partially 11 restore and rebuild the site before the entire thing disintegrates 12? It will take a lot of funding to restore it and I am not sure it’ll be made available, which would be a pity. Even a partly altered site can provide valuable information, which would be lost otherwise.
结尾中显然教授在表达自己对于修缮遗址的态度,这个地方就出了一个态度题。
当然,如果结尾只是对于文章内容的一个简单总结,并没有什么卧虎藏龙之处,那么同志尽可安心地去走神发呆玩笔了,这样的地方是不会出题的。比如下文,文章都在讲一种叫Well-made play的一种戏剧形式的重要性和结构,然后Professor在结尾如是说:
So, as I said, the well-made play, this form of playwriting, became the basis for realism in drama, and for a lot of very popular 19th-century plays. And also, a pattern we find in the plots of many later plays and even movies that we see today.
我们都已经知道了这种剧很有影响力,所以结尾说的内容完全没有营养,就是在对前文进行单纯的总结,没有任何抓人鼓膜的新的内容,所以,这种话还用记吗?玩去吧。
综上我们看到,文段结尾只要有新的内容就基本100%会出题!这个规律就和 小新每集头上肯定打出包、青铜五小强倒下肯定再爬起、红军战士死前肯定交党费 一样地肯定。所以当你还在前面一个劲的策马,到结尾奔腾不起来,一定挺住挺住挺住。时不时瞄一眼进度条,当进入到文段的后1/4处,文章又出现了我们上述的新内容点,就赶紧超级赛亚人mode燥起来吧!
P.S. 学以致用一下。如果老夫写的这篇文章是托福听力,那么结尾这一块出题会在哪呢?显然是在分割线的下面一段嘛,对不对?上面都在说结尾能出题的地方,这一段突然说结尾不会出题的内容,这就是在“阐述反论点”。同时,我们也可以看到,最后的一段也只是在对前文进行单纯的总结,没新内容没营养,没有地方能出题,不看也罢。(哎呦,各位同志还是看看哈,老夫绞尽brain juice,怒想三天三夜才憋出来的,捧个场,鼓个掌~)
n.章鱼
- He experienced nausea after eating octopus.吃了章鱼后他感到恶心。
- One octopus has eight tentacles.一条章鱼有八根触角。
v.模仿,戏弄;n.模仿他人言行的人
- A parrot can mimic a person's voice.鹦鹉能学人的声音。
- He used to mimic speech peculiarities of another.他过去总是模仿别人讲话的特点。
姿势( posture的名词复数 ); 看法; 态度; 立场
- Modern consciousness has this great need to explode its own postures. 现代意识很有这种摧毁本身姿态的需要。
- They instinctively gathered themselves into more tidy postures. 她们本能地恢复了端庄的姿态。
adv.完美地,无可非议地,彻底地
- The witnesses were each perfectly certain of what they said.证人们个个对自己所说的话十分肯定。
- Everything that we're doing is all perfectly above board.我们做的每件事情都是光明正大的。
n.散发的文字材料;救济品
- I read the handout carefully.我仔细看了这份分发的资料。
- His job was distributing handout at the street-corner.他的工作是在街头发传单。
n.力学,动力学,动力,原动力;动态
- In order to succeed,you must master complicated knowledge of dynamics.要取得胜利,你必须掌握很复杂的动力学知识。
- Dynamics is a discipline that cannot be mastered without extensive practice.动力学是一门不做大量习题就不能掌握的学科。
n.声学,(复)音响效果,音响装置
- The acoustics of the new concert hall are excellent.这座新音乐厅的音响效果极好。
- The auditorium has comfortable seating and modern acoustics.礼堂里有舒适的座椅和现代化的音响设备。
n.观众席,听众席;会堂,礼堂
- The teacher gathered all the pupils in the auditorium.老师把全体同学集合在礼堂内。
- The stage is thrust forward into the auditorium.舞台向前突出,伸入观众席。
adv.比较...地,相对地
- The rabbit is a relatively recent introduction in Australia.兔子是相对较新引入澳大利亚的物种。
- The operation was relatively painless.手术相对来说不痛。
adv.令人信服地,确凿地
- All this proves conclusively that she couldn't have known the truth. 这一切无可置疑地证明她不可能知道真相。 来自《简明英汉词典》
- From the facts,he was able to determine conclusively that the death was not a suicide. 根据这些事实他断定这起死亡事件并非自杀。 来自《简明英汉词典》
adv.部分地,从某些方面讲
- The door was partially concealed by the drapes.门有一部分被门帘遮住了。
- The police managed to restore calm and the curfew was partially lifted.警方设法恢复了平静,宵禁部分解除。
n.(使)破裂[分裂,粉碎],(使)崩溃( disintegrate的名词复数 )v.(使)破裂[分裂,粉碎],(使)崩溃( disintegrate的第三人称单数 )
- Particles rain down from the slug and it finally disintegrates. 颗粒从上面纷纷下落,最后腾涌消失。 来自辞典例句
- When the uranium disintegrates, it changes into lead. 当铀蜕变时,它变成了铅。 来自辞典例句
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