10个可替换的人体器官

 　　Human bodies are frail 1, easily damaged packages full of parts that can never fully 2 come back once lost. Luckily, researchers worldwide are working on replacing every bit of the body to make us all cyborgs.

　　人的身体是十分脆弱的，有些娇弱的器官一旦破坏就永远难以复原。幸运的是，世界各地的研究人员都在研究能替代我们身体部位的生化机械器官。
　　10.Supersensitive Electronic Skin
　　10.超敏感电子皮肤
　　Skin has the thankless job of coating and protecting your whole body, making it your most easily damaged organ. When you burn or rip off a stretch of skin, your main option right now is to graft 3 some back on from elsewhere on your body. But an effective synthetic 4 replacement 5 skin may not be that far off, thanks to research from Stanford scientists.
　　皮肤辛苦的担任着包裹我们和保护我们整个身体的责任，因此它也成为了最容易被伤害的器官。当皮肤被烧伤或者被割破，你最快的选择是从身体其他部位移植一部分过来。然而，感谢斯坦福大学科学家的研究，一种能有效替代人体皮肤的材料，不久后将面世。
　　Stanford's Zhenan Baohas has developed a super-flexible, super-durable, and super-sensitive material that can be the basis for future synthetic skin. People have tried developing synthetic skin before, but Baohas's material handles touch sensitivity better than any predecessor 6. It contains organic transistors 7 and a layer of elastic 8, letting it stretch without taking damage. And it's self-powered—this skin contains a series of elastic solar cells.
　　斯坦福大学的Zhenan Baohas 研发出了一种具备超弹性、超耐性和超敏感的材料，能够作为未来发展人工皮肤的基础。以前，人们也研究过生化皮肤，但是Baohas的材料比以前研发出来的更具敏感性。它带有有机转换物质和一层弹性材料，保证它在不被破坏情况下的延展性。另外，这种材料带有一系列的太阳能电池元件，可以自动充电。
　　9.Beating Hearts Created In A Petri Dish
　　9.在培养皿中跳动的心脏
　　Scientists have long investigated stem cells' potential for growing hearts, and they reached a major milestone 9 this year when they created heart tissue than can beat on its own.
　　长久以来，科学家一直在研究干细胞分化为心脏组织的潜力，今年当他们创造出可以自己搏动的心脏组织时，这一研究工作达到了一个重要的里程碑。
　　The University of Pittsburgh team used stem cells made from skin to make MCPs, a special kind of cell that acts as a precursor 10 to cardiovascular tissue. They then placed these cells on a 3-D scaffold designed to support a mouse heart. Within 20 days, the new heart began beating at 40 to 50 beats per minute.
　　匹兹堡大学的研究小组从来自皮肤的干细胞培养出MCPs，一种可以作为心血管组织驱动器的特殊细胞。他们把这些细胞放在一种可以维持老鼠心脏的3-D支架上。在20天内，新的心脏开始以每分钟40~50次的速率搏动。
　　This heart is too weak to actually pump blood, which is the primary reason anyone would want an new heart. But the tissue has a lot of potential for patching heart muscles that have suffered damage.
　　虽然这个心脏太虚弱，不能真的输送血液，但是这种细胞组织在修复受伤的心脏肌肉方面具有巨大潜力。
　　8.Prosthetic Hands That Sense Touch
　　8.触感人造手
　　Current prosthetic hands do little beyond filling the arm-shaped space between your body and the air. Sure, they can grasp things all right, and they help in balance, but they lack one of the human hand's most important abilities—the sense of touch. People with prosthetics can't detect if they're in contact with an object without looking at it directly.
　　现在的假手除了具备手的外形外，几乎没有其他功能。当然，这些假手能够拿东西和保持身体平衡，但是它们缺乏人手最重要的功能之一——触感。装了假手的人在碰触到一样物品时，如果不用眼睛看，是没法判断东西的。
　　A research team at the University of Chicago has solved this problem, producing hands that send electric signals to the brain. They've begun with monkeys as test subjects, studying the animals to see how their brains respond to touch. When outfitted 11 with prosthetic hands that stimulate 12 their brains that way, the monkeys respond just as though they physically 13 touch objects themselves.
　　芝加哥大学的一个研究小组制造了一种能够向大脑传递信号的假手来解决这个问题。他们以猴子为测试对象，研究动物大脑对触摸信号的反应。当装备了可以刺激大脑的假手后，那些猴子的反应就好像他们身体接触到了物体一样。
　　Programming these same signals into artificial human limbs would give amputees replacement hands unlike anything we've developed before.
　　将这些类似的信号通过编程的方式写入造假肢，会给截肢者带来和以前研发出来的产品完全不同的假肢。
　　7.Thought-Controlled Bionic Legs
　　7.思想控制仿生腿
　　Though bionic legs are of course a huge boon 14 to amputees, they lack actual nerve connections with the body. As a result, walking on them is cumbersome 15 and tiring. But last year, Seattle resident Zac Vawter was outfitted with the world's first thought-controlled leg, a bionic limb that takes signals directly from his mind.
　　虽然仿生腿对截肢者来说是巨大的福音，但是它们与人体缺乏真正的神经联系，导致依靠仿生腿走路十分麻烦和劳累。但是去年，西雅图的居民Zac Vawter 安装了世界上第一支思想控制的腿，一种直接接受从他大脑发出信号的仿生肢体。
　　This technology previously 16 existed for arms, but legs are rather more complicated. And since a misread signal can send you jumping off a bridge or in front of a moving car, thought-controlled legs need more stringent 17 programming than equivalent arms. As one of the researchers delicately put it, “If you're using a bionic arm and it misbehaves, the elbow may move slightly. If the prosthetic leg misbehaves . . . that could be quite a safety issue.”
　　这项技术曾经运用于武器，但是运用在仿生腿上会更复杂。误读信号可能导致安装者跳下桥或站在开动的车辆前，依靠思想控制的仿生腿需要比武器更为复杂的程序。正如研究者指出的那样：如果你使用仿生胳膊，而胳膊动作做错了，可能只是手肘偏移预订位置。而如果仿生腿动作做错了，那可能就是生命安全问题了。
　　Vawter climbed 103 floors of a Chicago skyscraper 18 on his bionic leg, but its designers are still working on improving it. To optimize 19 it for everyday use, they have to make it even thinner and lighter 20. Its successor (the iLeg Air?) may meet the Army's stated goal for a bionic leg—10,000 steps without recharging.
　　使用仿生腿在芝加哥一栋高楼里向上爬了103个阶梯，但是仿生腿的设计者们仍然在尝试提高它的性能。为了使它能适用于日常生活，设计者们必须让它更轻更薄。它的衍生品（充气仿生腿）可以满足陆军对于仿生腿的阶段性目标——行走一万步不用充电。
　　6.Miniature Human Brains
　　6.微型人脑
　　Brain death is a bit of an inconvenience if you're a fan of living, and if you're looking to replace yours with a spare, you're out of luck. Sure, maybe we'll one day be able to plant brains into skulls 21, but the brain's not just another organ. It contains all your thoughts and memories. They can plop a new brain in your head, but you'll still be gone, so the idea of making artificial brains may seem absurd.
　　如果你热爱生存，那么脑死亡是一件不美好的事。而且，如果你想用空闲的大脑来替换，那你是绝对找不到的。当然，也许有一天，我们能将大脑放入头骨中，但是大脑跟别的器官不同。它装有你所有的思想和记忆。人们能在你头里放一个新的大脑，但是你还是不存在，所以人造大脑这种想法看起来很荒谬。
　　But that hasn't stopped scientists from growing actual human brains in a lab. Starting with nothing but stem cells, scientists in Austria this year managed to create brains equivalent to those in nine-week-old fetuses 22. These miniature brains are the size of peas and are incapable 23 of thought—so far. The one thing keeping the brains from growing beyond this stage and becoming fully functional 24 is that they have no blood supply.
　　但是这并没有阻止科学家在实验室发展人造大脑。今年奥地利的科学家仅从干细胞开始，成功地创造出等同于9个周大的婴儿的大脑。目前，这些大脑只有豌豆大小，也不能思考。阻止这些试验品发育成具有完全功能的大脑的因素是它们没有血液供给。
　　But that hasn't stopped scientists from growing actual human brains in a lab. Starting with nothing but stem cells, scientists in Austria this year managed to create brains equivalent to those in nine-week-old fetuses. These miniature brains are the size of peas and are incapable of thought—so far. The one thing keeping the brains from growing beyond this stage and becoming fully functional is that they have no blood supply.
　　尽管这些大脑没有进入任何人的身体，但是他们给科学院研究脑科疾病提供了原材料。
　　5.3-D Printed Ears
　　5.3-D 打印耳朵
　　We've had the technology to artificially restore hearing for decades, but internal implants 25 do nothing for the visible parts of the ear. You'd think those big flaps (“pinnae”) on either side of your head would be easy to replicate 26, since they're just skin and cartilage rather than complex organs. In reality, scientists have never done a good job with fake ears. Traditional replacements 27 look and feel like plastic toys.
　　我们发展出人工记录声音的技术已经有几十年了，但是人工植入器官在耳朵这一领域没有任何改变。你可能认为生长在头两边的肉块极易替换，因为它们只是皮和软骨，而不是复杂的器官。事实上，科学家在制作假耳上并没有做得非常出色。传统的替代耳朵看起来或感觉起来都像塑料玩具。
　　But researchers this year came up with a new method that makes flexible, realistic ears out of real cells. Those cells come from rats and cows, and they form a collagen gel that can take the shape of any mold. When placed in a mold of a human ear—a mold assembled using a 3-D printer—the gel forms an ear in less than an hour. The artificial ear then just needs a few days growing in nutrients 28 before it's ready to be implanted in a subject.
　　但是今年，研究者提出一种新的方法，这种方法可以通过真的细胞制作出有弹性真实的耳朵。这些细胞来自老鼠和奶牛，可以形成胶原凝胶，按任何模具成型。当放入使用3-D打印技术制作的耳朵模型后，一个小时内那些凝胶形成了一只假耳。在移植到对象之前，人造耳朵只需要在营养成分中生长培养几天。
　　These artificial ears will be a huge benefit to those who suffer injuries or who have microtia, a condition that keeps the ears from ever developing.
　　这些人造耳朵对那些遭受过耳朵伤害或者耳朵停滞发育即患有小耳畸形的人来讲是巨大的福音。
　　4.Noses That Smell Diseases
　　4.闻疾病的鼻子
　　Scientists may be working hard at making organs that match the body's capabilities 30, but why stop there?
　　科学家们在赋予人体器官原本能力方面投入很深，但是为何要仅限于此呢？
　　When researchers at the University of Illinois set out to create a device that identifies chemicals by their scent 31, they didn't settle for the sensitivity of the human nose. Instead, they created an artificial nose that uses the smell of bacteria to identify and diagnose specific diseases.
　　当伊利诺伊大学的研究员着手建立一种靠嗅觉来鉴别化学物质的装置时，他们并不满足于提高人类鼻子的灵敏度。相反，他们发展出一种假鼻子，依靠对细菌的气味来鉴别和诊断某些疾病。
　　The result doesn't look much like a nose—it's a bottle filled with liquid nutrient 29 that cultivates bacteria. But give the “nose” a blood sample and let it sniff 32 for a few days, and the bottle's dots will change color to indicate what bacteria, if any, it identifies.
　　产品看起来并不太像一个鼻子，而是一个瓶子，装满了培养细菌的营养液体。但是给这个“鼻子”一个血液样本，让它嗅上一段时间，这个瓶子的斑点会改变颜色来表示它鉴别出的细菌种类。
　　3.Artificial Pancreas
　　3.人工胰腺
　　The pancreas produce insulin, and if yours don't, you need to inject yourself with the hormone 33 manually. Diabetics are therefore trapped in a stressful routine of continually checking their blood sugar and then shooting insulin whenever the need arises.
　　胰腺产生胰岛素，如果你的胰腺没有这样做，你需要人工注射胰岛素。因此，糖尿病患者必须进行的日常事例是检查他们的血糖，并且在必要时注射胰岛素。
　　Artificial pancreas, however, knock insulin into your body automatically. The device looks much like a regular insulin pump, which slips you insulin continuously through your skin, but this one monitors your blood sugar at all times and adjusts itself accordingly. So even when the wearer sleeps, there's no danger of falling into shock if their sugar drops too low.
　　但是人造胰腺能够自动释放胰岛素到你的身体里。这个装置看起来像一个规律的胰岛素泵，它可以穿透皮肤连续地释放胰岛素进入身体。而且它一直监视血液里的血糖含量，并根据血糖含量调整胰岛素释放量。所以，即使携带该设备的人睡着了，也不会有血糖降至很低而晕倒的危险。
　　Unlike several items on this list, artificial pancreas aren't still in some early development stage. The device very much exists and got FDA approval for sale this past September.
　　不像这篇文章中其他的人造物品，人工胰腺并不处于前期研究阶段，这个装置确实存在，而且在今年9月份得到了FDA的销售许可
　　2.Artificial Eyes
　　2.人工眼睛
　　As we pointed 34 out earlier, we've long been able to restore hearing to the deaf, but restoring sight to the blind is a much more complicated matter. When people lose their sight, their retinas no longer send signals from their photoreceptors to their brains. To make an artificial eye, we'd need to understand how the retina processes those signals, and that's a code scientists just haven't been able to crack.
　　我们前面已经指出，我们已经能够让聋子听到声音，但是让盲人看见画面是更复杂的事情。当人们失去视力，他们的视网膜不再把光感受器的信号发送给大脑。为了制造人工眼睛，我们需要了解视网膜是如何取得这些信号，而这正是科学家尚未解决的关键之处。
　　Not until recently anyway. But scientists at Weill Cornell Medical College have at last managed to—at least with mice and monkeys. This produced artificial retinas, whose chips convert images into electronic signals and whose tiny projectors 35 convert electronic signals into light.
　　直到最近，Weill Cornell Medical College的科学家们至少在老鼠和猴子身上实现了这一点。这种人造视网膜，它的芯片可以将画面转换为电子信号，而它的微型投影机可以将电子信号转化为投影光线。
　　These artificial eyes have indeed restored sight to blind mice. And the follow-up experiments on monkeys offer a lot of hope for eventual 36 trials on humans because monkey and human retinas work similarly.
　　这些人工眼睛，确实恢复了盲鼠的视力。猴子的视网膜工作原理和人类的非常相似，因此随后在猴子上进行的试验给了最终的人类试验以成功的希望。
　　1.Fingers That Store Digital Files
　　1.手指存储器
　　When Finnish programmer Jerry Jalava had a motorcycle accident in 2008, he faced a double tragedy. First, he lost his finger, an obvious problem for anyone who types for a living. Second, he had to deal with a medical team who thought they were comedians—learning of his profession, one surgeon joked that Jalava should go out and buy a “USB finger drive.”
　　当芬兰程序员Jerry Jalava 2008年遇到车祸，他面临双重悲剧。首先，他失去了他的手指，对于靠打字生存的人来说是个大问题。其次，他必须跟一个幽默感过剩的医疗小组打交道。了解了他的遭遇后，一位外科医生竟然提议Jalava应该出门去买个“USB手指驱动器”。
　　Rather than strangling the doctor (difficult, due to his injury) Jalava took the corny line as inspiration. He decided 37 to go ahead and actually build a prosthetic finger that contains two gigabytes of digital storage. He can now jack 38 his finger into a computer just by peeling back the nail to expose the USB plug. He can also remove the entire finger at any time and hand it to a friend to use.
　　但是Jalava并没有拒绝医生的建议（出于伤情的实际情况考虑，拒绝很困难），而是将这个建议作为自己的期待。他决定试一试，并且真的在植入的手指里放入两千兆字节的数字存储器。他现在只需将指甲剥掉，露出USB插头，即可将手指插入电脑连接。他也可以在任何时候拿掉整个手指，并且借给朋友使用。
　　The next step? Jalava plans to upgrade the finger with an RFID tag and add wireless 39 support. He also wants to add more memory, which seems pointless to us. If he needs more storage, he has nine other fingers he can chop off and replace with flash drives.
　　下一步呢？Jalava打算给手指带上RFID标签以进行升级，并且增加无线支持功能。他想扩充容量，方法自然是很无厘头的。如果他想有更多空间，他还有9个手指可以切掉换成移动存储器呢。